ON SOME INTERPRETATIONS OF CLASSICAL LOGIC

In distinction from the well-known double-negation embeddings of the classical logic we consider some variants of single-negation embeddings and describe some classes of superintuitionistic first-order predicate logics in which the classical first-order calculus is interpretable in such a way. Also we find the minimal extensions of Heyting's logic in which the classical predicate logic can be embedded by means of these translations.     

Influence of concentration on the activation energy for diffusion in polymer-solvent systems

The self-diffusion of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene in polystyrene have been analyzed using the Vrentas/Duda free-volume diffusion model. Diffusion coefficient predictions suggest an exponential concentration dependence of the activation energy required to overcome attractive forces, E. Without the use of any diffusion data approximating E as zero over the entire concentration range yields self-diffusion coefficient predictions which are in good agreement with experimental data. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

THE MODELING AND ESTIMATION OF THE SHORT-RUN SUPPLY OF ROUNDWOOD UNDER NONLINEAR INCOME TAXES

This paper deals with the theory and estimation of the short-run supply of roundwood under nonlinear (progressive) income taxation. The theoretical part of the paper uses the two-period consumption harvesting model to introduce nonlinear income taxes into the forest management problem and presents a simple method to determine the optimal supply of roundwood in this case. In the empirical part of the paper, the model is specified in a way suitable for econometric analysis. The estimation method is the maximum likelihood method, and the estimation results seem to support the theoretical model. Finally, some results from model simulation imply that income taxation may have a nonnegligible impact on the supply of roundwood.     

Efficacy of the accent method of voice therapy

The management of voice disorders may follow one of four approaches: surgical, pharmacological, technical aid, and/or voice therapy. The latter approach offers a wide variety of techniques, each based on certain theoretical beliefs. One of these techniques is the Smith Accent Method. The principles and goals of the Accent Method are presented. The results of its application are discussed. This technique proved effective for cases of functional voice disorders, vocal nodules, and some degrees of vocal fold paralysis.     

RECONSTRUCTION OF BINARY RELATIONS FROM THEIR RESTRICTIONS OF CARDINALITY 2, 3, 4 and (n - 1) II

We shall prove here that any binary relation on a base E with cardinality n > 6 is reconstructible from its restrictions of cardinality 2, 3, 4 and (n - 1). This proof needs results of part I of this paper where we characterize any pair of relations R, R' which are 2-, 3- and 4-hypomorphic. As a corollary we obtain that any binary relation is (n - 4)-reconstructible (when n > 9).     

Morphology of Nylon-6 blends with styrenic polymers

The morphology of blends of styrenic polymers in a matrix of 75% Nylon-6 prepared in a Brabender Plasti-Corder was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers (SAN) form smaller particles as the AN level increases owing to the corresponding decrease in the SAN–polyamide interfacial tension. Various styrenic polymers containing functional groups, maleic anhydride or oxazoline type, that can react with Nylon-6 during melt processing were added to the SAN phase which also led to a decrease in the particle size owing to the graft copolymer formed in situ. The effects of functional group type, amount of functional groups per chain, amount of functional polymer added, and the miscibility of the styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) and SAN copolymers on the morphology of the styrenic phase in the Nylon-6 matrix are described. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

TERNARY OPERATIONS AS PRIMITIVE NOTIONS FOR PLANE GEOMETRY II

We proved in the first part [1] that plane geometry over Pythagorean fields is axiomatizable by quantifier-free axioms in a language with three individual constants, one binary and three ternary operation symbols. In this paper we prove that two of these operation symbols are superfluous.     

我国居民收入、人口、教育、财政政策和货币政策与居民消费模型的实证分析

本文从影响消费的各个因素:居民收入、人口、教育、国家宏观政策等着手,对各因素进行了相关分析,运用多元统计中的岭回归估计法建立消费模型。从定量和定性分析的角度,分析了我国居民消费水平、居民收入、人口增长率、各层次教育、国家财政支出和银行利率等相关因素之间相互影响的数量变动关系和内在规律,就如何提高居民消费水平促进经济协调发展提出若干对策。     

Click chemistry in materials synthesis. III. Metal‐adhesive polymers from Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition

1,2,3‐Triazole‐based polymers generated from the Cu(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition between multivalent azides and acetylenes are effective adhesive materials for metal surfaces. The adhesive capacities of candidate mixtures of azide and alkyne components were measured by a modified peel test, using a customized adhesive tester. A particularly effective tetravalent alkyne and trivalent azide combination was identified, giving exceptional strength that matches or exceeds the best commercial formulations. The addition of Cu catalyst was found to be important for the synthesis of stronger adhesive polymers when cured at room temperature. Heating also accelerated curing rates, but the maximum adhesive strengths achieved at both room temperature and high temperature were the same, suggesting that crosslinking reaches the same advanced point in all cases. Polytriazoles also form adhesives to aluminum, but copper is bound more effectively, presumably because active Cu(I) ions may be leached from the surface to promote crosslinking and adhesion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5182–5189, 2007     

Identification of nonstationary axisymmetric load distributed along a cylindrical shell

The paper outlines a procedure to identify the space-and time-dependent external nonstationary load acting on a closed circular cylindrical shell of medium thickness. Time-dependent deflections at several points of the shell are used as input data to solve the inverse problem. Examples of numerical identification of various nonstationary loads, including moving ones are presented. The relationship between the external load and the stress-strain state of the shell is described by the Volterra equation of the first kind. The identification problem is solved using Tikhonov's regularization method and Apartsin's h-regularization method __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 91–100, July 2008.