VESTA软件在典型晶体结构教学中的应用

晶体结构的基本概念既多又抽象,没有较强的空间想象力,很难理解和辨析清楚。二维图缺乏空间感;实物模型只做出一个晶胞,其重复规律不直观。VESTA晶体结构软件能够根据需要构建多个三维晶胞,即超胞,可以很直观地显示出晶体结构的特点。本文通过几个教学实例,说明VESTA软件如何帮助学生深入理解晶体结构的基本概念,结构特点与性能的关系,以及拓展晶体结构的认知领域,提高学习兴趣与探索能力。     

近红外光谱技术结合4种算法分析尾巨桉-马占相思制浆原料的混合程度与主化学成分

为缓解我国木浆供应压力,满足混合原料制浆的实际需求,该文进行了近红外光谱快速分析混合制浆原料的研究。采集145个人为控制尾巨桉含量的尾巨桉-马占相思混合样品的近红外光谱,用常规方法测定其综纤维素、聚戊糖、Klason木质素含量。对原始光谱进行一阶导数与标准正态变换预处理后,分别运用偏最小二乘法、支持向量机法、人工神经网络法和LASSO算法建立尾巨桉、综纤维素、聚戊糖、Klason木质素含量分析模型。其中LASSO法建立的尾巨桉和综纤维素含量分析模型最优,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为1.80%、0.60%;绝对偏差(AD)分别为-3.03%~3.17%、-1.03%~0.98%,模型性能可满足较精确的快速分析。偏最小二乘法建立的聚戊糖含量分析模型最优,RMSEP为0.75%,AD为-1.26%~1.33%;支持向量机法建立的Klason木质素含量分析模型最优,RMSEP为0.48%,AD为-0.82%~0.86%,两个模型性能适用于非精确性的分析。该研究为混合制浆原料的快速分析提供了可能,同时也证实了LASSO算法的适用性。     

基于主成分回归分析和偏最小二乘回归法的樱桃糖度检测的研究

选用烟台大樱桃为研究对象,采用便携式光谱仪对樱桃糖度进行检测,利用极差标准归一化方法和小波滤波,对其可见-近红外光谱数据进行预处理,分别运用主成分回归分析(PCR)法和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)法建立了樱桃糖度定量分析模型,并对两种模型进行了比较。实验结果表明:在600~1 100nm波段范围内对樱桃糖度进行检测是可行的,并且PLSR模型的性能优于PCR模型。     

现代教育技术在大学化学实验教学中的应用

多媒体教育技术结合视频录像、微格教学和应用软件等新型教学手段应用于本科实验课教学,不仅能形象地展现抽象的理论概念,揭示复杂的实验原理,而且能活跃课堂气氛,激发学习兴趣,提升创新意识和提高实验效率。这一理念对学生综合素质培养和实验教学方法改革具有重要意义。     

Independent Components Analysis of the Overlapping Voltammetric Signals

This paper introduces the Independent Components Analysis (ICA) to voltammetry and extends possibility of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of binary mixtures of similar oxidation/reduction potentials. It was demonstrated that even in the case of distance between peaks potentials equal to 10 mV, determinations may be realized according to typical validation criteria. The methodology was presented using the simulated data and capabilities and limitations of the method were described. Further, the usefulness of ICA was presented for voltammograms registered during simultaneous determination of copper and antimony, and thallium and indium. The results of high practical importance for chemical analysis were achieved and documented. In the quantitative analysis a property was extensively used, that ICA is an unsupervised method.     

基于1HNMR给药赭石后大鼠尿液的代谢组学分析

基于1H NMR 的代谢组学方法结合多变量数据分析方法(主成分分析和偏最小二乘判别分析)对灌胃给药赭石(2,5和10 g/ kg 体重剂量)的成年 Wistar 大鼠尿液进行分析,并对大鼠给药前1天、给药后1~5天尿液1 H NMR 数据进行单变量比较分析,筛选出赭石的潜在特征代谢物,对赭石引起的代谢变化进行研究,为赭石的科学用药提供依据。结果表明,大鼠体内柠檬酸、牛磺酸、肌酸酐、α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酸、二甲基甘氨酸等代谢物浓度发生明显变化,随给药时间的变化出现恢复趋势,且恢复趋势与给药剂量相关,可作为赭石的潜在特征代谢物。给药2,5和10 g/ kg 体重剂量赭石降低了大鼠机体三羧酸循环能力,影响了能量、肌酸及二甲基甘氨酸的代谢,且10 g/ kg 体重剂量赭石对大鼠肝功能造成一定影响。     

显微共聚焦拉曼光谱结合群分析的黑色直液笔墨迹鉴别研究

黑色直液笔是一种新型书写工具,目前对该种笔墨迹的相关研究较少。为给文件检验工作中墨迹的分析提供新的参考依据,本实验使用显微共聚焦拉曼光谱技术,采集了30支不同品牌、型号的黑色直液笔墨迹光谱数据,进行Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑处理后,依据光谱图的拉曼位移及拉曼谱峰差异对墨迹进行初步分析。设置聚类方法为组间联接,区间距离测量方式为平方欧式距离,对采集的光谱数据进行群分析,将30支黑色直液笔墨迹样本分成了3类,并与品牌建立了相关联系;同时通过主成分分析验证了群分析的可靠性和准确性。研究表明,显微共聚焦拉曼光谱技术结合群分析方法可实现对黑色直液笔墨迹的无损分析及有效鉴别,该方法操作简便、结果准确,适用于法庭科学文件检验。     

基于MATLAB的GPS软件接收机捕获与跟踪算法实现

研究了GPS软件接收机的捕获和跟踪算法,并基于Matlab软件平台和射频前端在PC上实现了GPS软件接收机样机。介绍了GPS软件接收机的结构和数据采集硬件,讨论了GPSC/A码的特性、产生原理以及捕获过程。针对传统的串行搜索算法慢的缺点以及高动态GPS软件接收机的特点,在该样机中实现了快速的基于循环卷积的并行捕获算法,并联合使用超前滞后环和对相位反转不敏感的科斯塔斯锁相环分别对码相位和多普勒频偏进行跟踪,解调得到导航电文。仿真和测试结果表明,使用GPS软件接收机进行信号处理的思想使用户在算法处理和软件升级等方面具有更大的灵活性,可应用于下一代任何全球导航卫星定位系统(GNSS)和空基增强系统(SBAS)接收机的设计。     

Improving the neural network method for finite element model updating using homogenous distribution of design points

In developing a neural network technique for a finite element model updating, researchers have been shown that the number of training samples and their quality, significantly affect the accuracy of the NN predication. In this study, based on the genetic algorithm (GA) method, we reduce the number of analyses required to develop the training pairs and reduce the amount of time for training the NN. In the other words, a uniform distribution of design points inside the design space will be obtained by means of this approach. To validate the efficiency of GA sample selection, random generation (RG) method is used for comparison. Two comparisons are made based on a numerical and experimental example. One is updated from 10 degrees of freedom lumped parameters system and the other is updated from a free–free beam using test data. The results indicate that the GA sample selection can reduce the number of training samples without affecting the accuracy of the NN predication. In our present study, also, the advantages of using frequency response function (FRF) data as input to the NN are kept and the drawback of having too many frequency points is overcome by the application of principal component analyses (PCA).     

The Alleviating Effect of Lagerstroemia indica Flower Extract on Stretch Marks through Regulation of Mast Cells

Striae distensae (SD) or stretch marks are common linear scars of atrophic skin with disintegrating extracellular matrix (ECM) structures. Although fibroblasts contribute to the construction of ECM structure in SD, some studies have reported that mast cell degranulation causes the disruption of ECM in early SD lesions. Lagerstroemia indica flower (LIF) has traditionally been used in India as a diuretic. However, little is known about the effect and molecular action of Lagerstroemia indica flower extract (LIFE) on alleviating SD. This study evaluated the effects of LIFE on mast cell degranulation and the synthesis of ECM components in fibroblasts. LIFE inhibits the adhesion of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, RBL-2H3 on fibronectin (FN) and the expression of integrin, a receptor for FN, thereby reducing focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation. In addition, LIFE attenuated the allergen-induced granules and cytokine interleukin 3 (IL-3) through the adhesion with FN. Moreover, the conditioned medium (CM) of activated mast cells decreases the synthesis of ECM components, and LIFE restores the abnormal expressions induced by activated mast cells. These results demonstrate that LIFE suppresses FN-induced mast cell activation and promotes the synthesis of ECM components in fibroblast, which indicates that LIFE may be a useful cosmetic agent for SD treatment.