Universality of a dynamical percolative approach to 1/f γ noise

A dynamical percolative model explaining the universality of 1/ f ^γ noise is reported. Exponents γ ranging from 0 to 2 are obtained under the hypothesis that noise originates from random switching events between two ON-OFF states in elemental parts (switchers) of a physical system. The usual noise behaviour with γ very close to 1 in an arbitrarily wide frequency range is obtained assuming a statistical distribution of switcher relaxation time τ proportional to τ ^-1 , as in McWhorter's model. The impact of these results with respect to recent self-organised criticality models is discussed. Received 6 November 2000 and Received in final form 22 May 2001     

一种新的卫星钟差Kalman滤波噪声协方差估计方法

采用Kalman滤波方法进行钟差参数计算和预报时, 需确定Kalman滤波噪声协方差矩阵. 针对这一问题, 提出了一种新的卫星钟差Kalman滤波噪声协方差估计方法, 通过建立新息的相关函数序列与未知的噪声参数间的线性函数模型, 采用最小二乘法进行噪声参数估计. 采用精密钟差数据进行钟差参数估计和预报分析, 结果表明, 该方法具有较好的收敛性, 并与顾及随机噪声模型的开窗分类因子自适应抗差估计方法进行对比分析, 验证了新方法的正确性和有效性.     

Toward automatic evaluation of defect detectability in infrared images of composites and honeycomb structures

Non-destructive testing (NDT) refers to inspection methods employed to assess a material specimen without impairing its future usefulness. An important type of these methods is infrared (IR) for NDT (IRNDT), which employs the heat emitted by bodies/objects to rapidly and noninvasively inspect wide surfaces and to find specific defects such as delaminations, cracks, voids, and discontinuities in materials. Current advancements in sensor technology for IRNDT generate great amounts of image sequences. These data require further processing to determine the integrity of objects. Processing techniques for IRNDT data implicitly looks for defect visibility enhancement. Commonly, IRNDT community employs signal to noise ratio (SNR) to measure defect visibility. Nonetheless, current applications of SNR are local, thereby overseeing spatial information, and depend on a-priori knowledge of defect’s location. In this paper, we present a general framework to assess defect detectability based on SNR maps derived from processed IR images. The joint use of image segmentation procedures along with algorithms for filling regions of interest (ROI) estimates a reference background to compute SNR maps. Our main contributions are: (i) a method to compute SNR maps that takes into account spatial variation and are independent of a-priori knowledge of defect location in the sample, (ii) spatial background analysis in processed images, and (iii) semi-automatic calculation of segmentation algorithm parameters. We test our approach in carbon fiber and honeycomb samples with complex geometries and defects with different sizes and depths.     

传声器阵列对高频弱声源的声成像识别方法

研究了传声器阵列对高频弱声源的识别定位方法。该方法根据高频声源的指向性和阵列探测特性等特点,提出了利用信噪比加权方法提高有效阵元对声成像的贡献,根据信噪比的大小对每个阵元添加不同的权值,可以显著提高传声器阵列对高频弱声源的声像清晰度。仿真分析了阵元加权和不加权两种方法对阵列声成像结果的影响,以某型号笔记本电脑电路板噪声为对象进行的实验表明,在阵列测量中充分利用有效阵元信号可以实现对声压级低达10~20dB的微弱噪声源的精确测量。     

Non-monotonic driven vortex noise in HTSC

We present noise measurements on YBCO thin films in different conditions of magnetic field and driving current. Noise spectra for non-driven and driven cases (in the flux-creep region) evidence deep differences in vortex dynamics between these two regimes. For the driven case, the effect of applying magnetic field is a reduction in noise, which can be explained by the increase in the fraction of vortices that undergo flux-flow. For the non-driven case, magnetic field has no significative influence on noise, probably due to the absence of Lorentz force that causes coherent movement of vortices. For all magnetic fields studied in this work (0-154 mT) the effect of increasing current is an increase of noise, which is in contrast to the results from other authors. This behavior can be explained by an increase of current induced vortex-antivortex annihilation events. We propose that driven noise has a non-monotonic behavior due to the competition between annihilation events and driving force which causes opposite effects on noise.     

Critical comparison of several order-book models for stock-market fluctuations

Far-from-equilibrium models of interacting particles in one dimension are used as a basis for modelling the stock-market fluctuations. Particle types and their positions are interpreted as buy and sel orders placed on a price axis in the order book. We revisit some modifications of well-known models, starting with the Bak-Paczuski-Shubik model. We look at the four decades old Stigler model and investigate its variants. One of them is the simplified version of the Genoa artificial market. The list of studied models is completed by the models of Maslov and Daniels et al. Generically, in all cases we compare the return distribution, absolute return autocorrelation and the value of the Hurst exponent. It turns out that none of the models reproduces satisfactorily all the empirical data, but the most promising candidates for further development are the Genoa artificial market and the Maslov model with moderate order evaporation.     

超光谱成像仪狭缝热光谱特性的分析

介绍了在狭缝超光谱成像仪中的重要作用。推导出在温度水平变化时,狭缝宽度尺寸的变化对超光谱成像仪光谱带宽与信噪比的影响,得到了超光谱成像仪狭缝的热光谱特性。比较了两类常见狭缝的热光谱特性,得出热特征尺寸与其导热率乘积越小的狭缝热光谱特性也越好的结论。     

调频信号的单模激光线性模型随机共振

对单模激光增益模型的光强方程加入调频信号,用线性化近似方法计算了以δ函数形式关联的两白噪声驱动下光强的输出功率谱及信噪比. 结果表明,信噪比随抽运噪声和量子噪声强度的变化可出现典型随机共振,受调制信号振幅的影响,信噪比随载波信号频率和调制信号频率的变化出现抑制、单调上升、共振、抑制和共振等几种情况. 关键词： 抽运噪声 单模激光 随机共振 调频信号     

北极水声学研究的新进展和新动向

北极水声学作为水声学研究的一部分,起步要比达·芬奇所描述的声呐雏形晚很多年。第二次世界大战后北极水声学的研究开始受到发达国家(主要是美国)的重视。它的发展和研究重点带有明显的冷战烙印。冷战结束之后,随着北极持续变暖的趋势,北极及其毗邻海域的海洋水声环境受到特别的重视。环北极的8个国家组成排他性的北极理事会。我国政府于2018年1月26日发表北极政策白皮书,声明中国是近北极国家,是北极地区利益攸关方。本文介绍北极水声学研究的新进展,包括我国有关涉海单位近年来所做的科考和学术研究。指出,北极水声学的研究不局限于把传统水声学中的研究内容(如环境噪声、混响、传播等等)并行地在北极环境条件下加以重复探讨,而是要根据北极海洋环境的实际情况,进行有关领域的新研究。其中不乏传统浅海、深海水声学研究中所不具有的特色,如冰-水界面、冰下的半声道效应、冰盖下水下无人载器(UUV)的通信、定位及声呐对冰下环境的适应性研究等课题。     

Effect of noise on coupled chaotic systems

The effect of noise in inducing order on various chaotically evolving systems is reviewed, with special emphasis on systems consisting of coupled chaotic elements. In many situations it is observed that the uncoupled elements when driven by identical noise, show synchronization phenomena where chaotic trajectories exponentially converge towards a single noisy trajectory, independent of the initial conditions. In a random neural network, with infinite range coupling, chaos is suppressed due to noise and the system evolves towards a fixed point. Spatiotemporal stochastic resonance phenomenon has been observed in a square array of coupled threshold devices where a temporal characteristic of the system resonates at a given noise strength. In a chaotically evolving coupled map lattice with the logistic map as local dynamics and driven by identical noise at each site, we report that the number ofstructures (a structure is a group of neighbouring lattice sites for values of the variable follow which the certain predefined pattern) follows a power-law decay with the length of the structure. An interesting phenomenon, which we callstochastic coherence, is also reported in which the abundance and lifetimes of these structures show characteristic peaks at some intermediate noise strength.