超声波法提取迎春花总黄酮含量的工艺研究

研究了超声波法对迎春花中总黄酮的提取条件。其最优提取条件为:料液比1∶40,超声波温度20℃,作用时间20min。在此条件下,用NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH显色法测定的总黄酮为18.22%,RSD=1.48%(n=5)。     

响应曲面法提取水松总黄酮的工艺研究

采用响应曲面法,优化了提取水松总黄酮的提取工艺条件为:微波时间3.8min,乙醇浓度69%,固液比1∶31,在此条件下,水松总黄酮的产率为1.88%。     

紫外分光光度法测定艾叶中总黄酮含量

测定波长为290nm,以柚皮素为对照品,紫外分光光度法测定了艾叶中总黄酮含量。柚皮素在1—8μg/mL具有良好的线性关系,艾叶中总黄酮含量为1.186%,平均加标回收率为101.5%。该方法简便、快捷、准确、重现性好,可作为检测艾叶中总黄酮含量的一种好方法。     

广寄生及其不同寄主黄酮总量和微量元素含量的研究

用紫外分光光度法测定广西玉林产5种广寄生及其不同寄主的黄酮总量;原子吸收分光光度法测定广寄生和寄主的Fe、Mg、Zn、Ca、Mn、Cu、Na、K8种微量元素的含量。结果表明:寄主不同,广寄生黄酮总量和微量元素含量存在差异;广寄生的黄酮总量比寄主高,广寄生的K、Mg元素含量比寄主高。     

白簕叶总黄酮的提取和纯化及其抑菌试验初探

观察白簕叶中总黄酮的抑菌作用。采用微波辅助法从白簕叶中提取黄酮化合物,经HPD-600型树脂纯化,通过圆形滤纸片法和二倍稀释法分别对黄酮提取液进行了抑菌试验和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的测定。HPD-600型树脂纯化后的黄酮纯度达到21.3%,对3种供试菌的抑菌作用为大肠杆菌金色葡萄球菌芽孢杆菌,随着总黄酮浓度的增加,其抑菌作用也增强。白簕叶总黄酮对大肠杆菌、金色葡萄球菌、和芽孢杆菌的MIC分别为原液的1/4、1/2倍和1倍。本方法为白簕的药用价值开发开辟了新途径。     

不同类型土壤总氮的近红外光谱技术测定研究

该研究从江苏、河南、山西、河北、吉林采集部分表层土壤,并在山西河北两地采集表下层土壤,经前处理后通过近红外光谱仪扫描得到光谱图,用传统开氏法测得其总氮,运用OPUS软件建立了土壤总氮和光谱图之间的数学模型,并初步探讨了模型的应用范围。结果表明：各地区表层土壤建立的模型良好,交叉检验的均方根误差均在0.01%以内,相关系数平均在0.85以上,并且该模型能够很好地定量分析同一采样范围内表层和表下层的土壤总氮,定量分析的均方根误差基本在0.01%以内,相关系数在0.80左右;可能受土壤类型的影响,该模型在地区之间的运用具有一定的局限性;从各地区随机取出部分数据作为一个新的集合建立的综合模型良好,其交叉检验的均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.010 2%和0.985 6,并且该模型能很好地预测各地区的土壤总氮。     

Ferrozine colorimetry and reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) based method for the determination of total iron in aqueous solutions at nanomolar concentrations

Iron is one of the most microbiologically and chemically important metals in natural waters. The biogeochemical cycling of iron is significantly influenced by the redox cycling of Fe(II) and Fe(III). Because of the unique chemistry of iron, it is often needed to analyze iron at nano-molar concentrations. This article describes a reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) based method with ferrozine spectrophotometric detection to quantify total iron concentration in stream water at nanomolar concentrations. The rFIA system has a 0.65 nM detection limit and a linear dynamic range up to 1.40 μM for the total iron analysis. The detection limit was achieved using a 1.0 m long liquid waveguide capillary flow cell, 1.50 m long knotted reaction coil, 87.50 μL injection loop and a miniature fiber optics spectrophotometer. The optimized colorimetric reagent has 1.0 mM ferrozine, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 1.0 mM citric acid and 0.10 M acetate buffer adjusted to pH 4.0. The best sample flow rate is 2.1 mL min^?1 providing a sample throughput of more than 15 samples h^?1. The linear dynamic range of the method can be adjusted by changing the volume of the injection loop. The rFIA manifold was assembled exclusively from commercially available components.     

Degradation-fragmentation of marine plastic waste and their environmental implications: A critical review

This review critically evaluates the plastic accumulation challenges and their environmental (primarily) and human (secondarily) impacts. It also emphasizes on their degradation and fragmentation phenomena under marine conditions. In addition, it takes into account the leachability of the various chemical substances (additives) embedded in plastic products to improve their polymeric properties and extend their life. Regardless of their effectiveness in enhancing the polymeric function of plastic products, these additives can potentially contaminate air, soil, food, and water. Several findings have shown that, regardless of their types and sizes, plastics can be degraded and/or fragmented under marine conditions. Therefore, the estimation of fragmentation and degradation rates via a reliable developed model is required to better understand the marine environmental status. The main parameter, which is responsible for initiating the fragmentation of plastics, is sunlight/UV radiation. Yet, UV- radiation alone is not enough to fragment some plastic polymer types under marine conditions, additional factors are needed such as mechanical abrasion. It should be also mentioned that most current studies on plastic degradation and fragmentation centered on the primary stages of degradation. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand these phenomena and to identify their fate and environmental effects.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析测定食用菌中总砷

摘 要：采用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析测定食用菌中总砷。取可食部分的食用菌粉碎均匀,采用微波消解对样品进行消解,将消解液于140℃赶酸至0.5mL ,用超纯水转移定容至25mL。以0.1%的硝酸钯为基体改进剂,塞曼扣背景,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定总砷。方法检出限为0.4μg/L,线性范围为0~30 μg/L,线性相关系数(r)大于0.998,采用精密度考察方法重现性,不同浓度水平的RSD%均小于6.6%;三个浓度水平的加标回收率为80.6% ~ 103.9%,有证标准物质测定结果符合要求。实验结果表明,方法操作简便、灵敏、准确,适合食用菌中总砷的测定。对砷形态复杂的野生食用菌,微波消解后可直接采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定总砷。     

Effect of mixing ratios of natural inorganic additives in removing ammonia and sulfide in the liquid phase during anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste

In this study, the efficacy of inorganic additives in the removal of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and sulfide in the aqueous phase of slaughterhouse waste undergoing anaerobic digestion in the batch reactor was investigated. A mixture of natural inorganic additives processed from the anthill and red rock soil samples collected from Arusha, Tanzania were used as adsorbents in different ratios. These materials were chosen in regard to their abundance in the local environment, surface properties, and elemental composition. Before analysis, the materials were pulverized and calcined at 700 and 900 °C for 2 h in a furnace and then sieved to 250 μm fine particle size. XRD analysis revealed that the anthill soil sample is endowed with major mineral phases of quartz and hematite while red rock soil contains albite, pyroxene, and quartz as predominant phases. The anthill and red rock soil samples calcined at 900 °C displayed higher BET surface areas of 815.35 and 852.35 m²/g, respectively. The mixture of anthill soil and red rock soil in a ratio of 3:1 had a higher TAN removal efficiency of 92% at a contact time of 30 min compared to other ratios. On the other hand, a ratio of 1:2 showed a higher sulfide removal efficiency of 79% at a contact time of 60 min. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed that the Jovanovich model fitted better to the experimental data than the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results demonstrated further that inorganic additives have a synergistic effect on stimulating methanogenesis as well as eliminating ammonia and sulfide during anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste. Our findings demonstrate that anthill and red rock soils can be exploited as affordable, ecofriendly, and efficient adsorbents for mitigation of TAN and sulfide from the liquid phase and sustenance of methanogenesis.