十八世纪以来中国太湖流域与英国苏格兰的人才比较研究

将中国人才出得最多的地区之一──太湖流域和西方人才出得最多的地区之一──英国苏格兰（１９８３年人口５１４万）进行比较，发现近３００年来，两地在人才上差距相当大，特别是在自然科学、医学和经济领域方面。在这一期间，苏格兰人对世界的贡献和影响要比太湖流域人大得多。本文介绍了所用的比较研究方法，概述了分类比较研究和学科比较研究结果，并从经济基础、思想观念、政治环境、国际交流、教育和战乱等几个方面探讨了形成这种明显差距的原因。最后提出了对２１世纪中华人才的展望。这一研究可以看作是对“汤因比猜想”研究（从人才角度）以及东亚－西欧人才比较研究的一种先期的“模型试验”。对后者的深入研究将有助于对中华民族未来的自我认识。     

ICP-MS研究太湖表层沉积物对Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附-解吸特性

前期研究发现太湖过滤水和表层沉积物中Zn含量最高,且表层沉积物中Cd存在强生态危害。因此,在优化实验条件下,以电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)为分析手段研究了太湖苏州湾大桥东表层沉积物(标记为SES)对Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附-解吸特性。吸附动力学结果表明：SES对Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附能力相差不大,在吸附时间t<120 min时,吸附是一个快速阶段,而当t≥120 min时则相反,吸附趋于动态平衡;Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附更符合伪二级动力学模型。吸附热力学实验表明,沉积物对Cd2+的吸附更符合Freundlich模型,而对Cd2+的吸附更符合Langmuir模型。沉积物中Cd2+和Zn2+的解吸动力学研究发现,二者均更符合Elovich方程,为非均相扩散过程。且当pH值增大时,沉积物中Cd2+和Zn2+的解吸量逐渐减小,并在pH=9时趋于稳定。结合Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附-解吸特性发现,SES对Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附速率远远大于其解吸速率,与作者前期研究结果一致。揭示了太湖表层沉积物对Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附-解吸作用机理及不同因素对吸附-解吸行为的影响。对研究太湖固-液两相界面重金属的分配和污染水体修复具有重要指导意义。     

Analysis of Toxic Aluminium Species in Natural Waters

Aluminium is known to be toxic to a wide range of aquatic organisms under certain conditions. Monomeric hydroxy ions have been found to be primarily responsible for aluminium aquatic toxicity.A survey of aluminium toxicity and a brief discussion of speciation schemes are presented. The fast reaction of Al³⁺ with pyrocatechol violet (PCV) followed by spectrophotometric analysis is a frequently used method for aluminium speciation. By using a flow system, one obtains fairly exact and reproducible control of the reaction time, and as a result it provides a direct method of analysis for free aluminium (including inorganic monomeric aluminium).The PCV-method has been adapted for the determination of aluminium in carbonate-rich natural waters using an improved buffering system. Thus it is possible to monitor aluminium concentrations in lake water as well as in pore water of the sediments of eutrophicated hardwater lakes that has been treated with aluminium salts as a restoration measure.     

Examination of Contemporary Lake Sediments by Means of Thermal Analysis: The Dabie lake near Szczecin

An attempt was made to use thermal analysis (DTA, TG, DTG) for identification of the mineralogical composition of contemporary lake sediments. Sediments were investigated both in the natural state and after ignition at 300°C. Selected fractions of the sediments in the natural state were also studied. The thermoanalytical curves of mollusca shells, reed and plankton were also recorded for use in the interpretation of the thermoanalytical curves of sediments.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

开都河——孔雀河流域水资源综合利用优化管理模型

根据开都河——孔雀河流域水资源系统的特点 ,从系统分析的角度出发 ,综合考虑水利 ,水电及生态环境保护工程效益 ,提出了一个多目标优化管理模型 .该模型能模拟实际系统的运行 ,还具有良好的扩展性 ,为科学治理保护开都河——孔雀河流域提供了可靠的科学依据 .     

THE RESEARCHES OF GLACIER LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS OF THE YARKANT RIVER IN XINJIANG

The Jokulhlaup of the Yarkant River (Yarkant He) is usually csused by the sudden discharge of the glacier-dammed lake and the mode of the discharge is the rapid expansion of the subglacial channel. Keyajir (Kyagar) Glacier and Telamukanli Glacier are on the upper reaches of the Keleqin (Shaksgam) River, the chief birthplaces of this kind of flood. Up to the end of this century, since the global climate has become warmer, the glaciers have accordingly shrunk and become thinner, with the result that the size and dimensions of the glacier-dammed lakes and their outburst floods have diminished. All these simply reveal the mystery of the Jokulhlaups of the Yarkant River in Xinjiang.     

基于星地测量和辐射传输模式的特定地域大气中分辨力光谱辐射特征

利用中分辨力成像光谱仪数据,采用星地测量并结合中分辨力辐射传输模式,以巢湖流域及周边为实验区,计算得到该地区夏季实际大气层结下沿观测路径整层大气透过率、大气辐射、大气热辐射和大气散射的太阳辐射在中分辨力光谱上的特征,以及整层大气廓线。研究结果表明：受能见度影响,实验区两地点水体像元处的整层大气透过率数值略高于植被像元处;两地卫星入瞳处的程辐射和卫星探测器探测到的程辐射谱分布相似;在可见至近红外波段,大气程辐射和散射的太阳辐射谱分布相似性较强,且随着波长增加而数值均逐渐减小,而大气热辐射数值很小;两个地点在短波范围内路径热辐射很低且接近,随着波长的增加,热辐射明显增强,波长越长,两地点热辐射差别越明显;当日天气晴好,气溶胶含量较低,而且两地距离很近,因此两地的大气廓线数据基本相似。     

论卤盐养生（10）

卤盐（包括食盐）是中国矿物药的重要组成部分。从文化价值、临床应用和情志调摄3个方面诠释了卤盐的养生学意义,并全面、详细地阐述了食盐对中国古代文化的四大贡献、6种盐类的现代临床应用价值以及盐湖旅游的6项要素;列举了160多个盐湖卤水的主要化学成分、矿化度或微量元素;摘录了论述卤盐主治功用的古今文献。本文分期刊出。     

Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study on Vertical Distribution of Iron Species in Sediments from Qinghai Lake,China

In this study, ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has been applied to sediments collected from Qinghai Lake in Qinghai Province, China, to investigate the vertical distribution of iron species. Their Mössbauer spectra consisted of four doublets ascribable to one paramagnetic high-spin Fe³⁺, two paramagnetic high-spin Fe²⁺ with different quadrupole splittings, and one diamagnetic low-spin Fe²⁺ that corresponds to pyrite (FeS₂). The distribution of pyrite suggested climatic changes during the past nine thousand years. It was demonstrated that the iron speciation in the salt lake sediments by Mössbauer spectroscopy can be used to reconstruct the past environment.

     

Estimation of lake water—groundwater interactions in meromictic mining lakes by modelling isotope signatures of lake water

Abstract

A method is presented to assess lake water–groundwater interactions by modelling isotope signatures of lake water using meteorological parameters and field data. The modelling of δ¹⁸O and δD variations offers information about the groundwater influx into a meromictic Lusatian mining lake. Therefore, a water balance model is combined with an isotope water balance model to estimate analogies between simulated and measured isotope signatures within the lake water body. The model is operated with different evaporation rates to predict δ¹⁸O and δD values in a lake that is only controlled by weather conditions with neither groundwater inflow nor outflow. Comparisons between modelled and measured isotope values show whether the lake is fed by the groundwater or not. Furthermore, our investigations show that an adaptation of the Craig and Gordon model [H. Craig, L.I. Gordon. Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperature, Spoleto, E. Tongiorgi (Ed.), pp. 9–130, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, Pisa (1965).] to specific conditions in temperate regions seems necessary.