有效数字概念的局限性

通过分析按有效数字定义近似处理标准误差前后引起包含测量结果真值概率的变化，指出现行有效数字概念有一定的局限性，明确了为克服这个局限性，不确定度有时应采取两位数表示。     

MISSED OPPORTUNITIES IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

After 20 years of effort, technical approaches to natural resource management have not been effective in preventing overuse and destruction of resources. The resource modeling community can help to change our present course toward destruction by (1) recognizing and publicizing the ineffectiveness of scientific, technical and magical approaches to resource management, (2) pointing out that the resolution of environmental problems is impossible unless the social problems of excessive human population sizes and excessive consumption are effectively addressed, (3) making clear the irrationality and imprudence of current environmental decisionmaking under uncertainty, and (4) pointing out the impossibility of achieving conservation goals by management that attempts to achieve economic optima.     

Haar-Gaussian小波变换在边缘测量中的应用

应用Harr-Gaussian小波变换对图形图像的边缘进行频域分析，建立边缘测量的物理模型， 并用带宽匹配方法和远心测量光学系统，在大景深物体测量中获得准确的结果. 关键词： 小波变换 边缘测量 测不准原理 远心系统 图像识别 自动检测     

多模辐射场的广义非线性高阶差压缩——N次方X压缩的一般理论

本文在发展现有理论的基础上,提出了多模(2q模)辐射场的广义非线性高阶差压缩(即N次方X压缩)的定义,给出N次方X压缩效应的压缩度的计算公式,并对N-X最小测不准态和N-X压缩最小测不准态等进行了详细讨论.指出,MarkHilery在文献6中所提出的有关双模辐射场的“差压缩”的定义,仅仅是本文所提出的多模辐射场的广义非线性高阶差压缩(即N次方X压缩)的一般性定义在q=1、N=1条件下的特例.     

粘度计量标准

介绍了粘度计量标准的组成,分析了该计量标准的不确定度,考察了该计量标准的重复性和稳定性。     

A validation concept for purity determination and assay in the pharmaceutical industry using measurement uncertainty and statistical process control

 The analytical chemists in process development in the pharmaceutical industry have to solve the difficult problem of producing high quality methods for purity determination and assay within a short time without a clear definition of the substance to be analyzed. Therefore the quality management is very difficult. The ideal situation would be that every method is validated before use. This is not possible because this would delay the development process. A process-type quality development approach with an estimation type fast validation (measurement uncertainty) is therefore suggested. The quality management process consists of the estimation of measurement uncertainty for early project status. Statistical process control (SPC) is started directly after measurement uncertainty estimation and a classical validation for the end of the project. By this approach a process is defined that allows a fast and cost-efficient way of supporting the development process with the appropriate quality at the end of the process and provides the transparency needed in the development process. The procedure presented tries to solve the problem of the parallelism between the two development processes (chemical and analytical development) by speeding up the analytical development process initially. Received: 25 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 May 1997     

The Effect of Task Uncertainty and Decentralization on Project Team Performance

This paper investigates relationships among task uncertainty, level of centralization, and project team performance. Team performance is measured in three dimensions: cost, time, and quality. Adopting an information processing view and contingency theory, the authors discuss tradeoffs among the three performance dimensions of a project team. Results from the simulation study indicate that, under high task uncertainty, a decentralized team performs better in terms of cost and time, but a centralized team performs better in terms of quality. Under low task uncertainty, there is no performance difference between a centralized team and a decentralized team in terms of cost and time, but a centralized team performs better in terms of quality. The paper suggests that researchers pay attention to the relative impact of centralization and decentralization on different dimensions of organizational performance, and managers adopt an organizational structure that performs better in a performance dimension that counts more to enhance overall performance.     

Uncertain Product Quality, Optimal Pricing and Product Development

A firm is developing a new product. However, the firm is uncertain as to how consumers will perceive the product's desirability or quality. Using a general model of product quality, conditions for an increase in uncertainty to increase the optimal price are derived. General conditions are derived under which the firm prefers the less risky project, the one with lower quality variability. However, if at the optimal price the firm only has positive demand for high quality realizations, then the firm prefers a more risky project. As the uncertainty exists in the consumers' preferences, welfare effects can be determined, unlike in previous work examining uncertainty.     

技术创新决策中的测不准现象

本文分析了技术创新决策中的测不准现象，包括技术创新的投资测不准、周期测不准和市场测不准；并分析了导致这一现象的各种原因。