Nondissipative and energy-stable high-order finite-difference interface schemes for 2-D patch-refined grids

A class of finite-difference interface schemes suitable for two-dimensional cell-centered grids with patch-refinement and step-changes in resolution is presented. Grids of this type are generated by adaptive mesh refinement methods according to resolution needs dictated by the physics of the problem being modeled. For these grids, coarse and fine nodes are not aligned at the mesh interfaces, resulting in hanging nodes. Three distinct geometries are identified at the interfaces of a domain with interior patch-refinement: edges, concave corners and convex corners. Asymptotic stability in time of the numerical scheme is achieved by imposing a summation-by-parts condition on the interface closure, which is thus also nondissipative. Interface stencils corresponding to an explicit fourth-order finite-difference scheme are presented for each geometry. To preserve stability, a reduction in local accuracy is required at the corner geometries. It is also found that no second-order accurate solution exists that satisfies the summation-by-parts condition. Tests using the 2-D scalar advection equation and an inviscid compressible vortex support the stability and accuracy of these stencils for both linear and nonlinear problems.     

Subjective probability and Bayesian statistics in engineering mathematics education

The widespread use of computers for handling specific statistical techniques affects the teaching of probability and statistics, reducing the need for a utilitarian point of view. It is argued that this teaching may be enriched by emphasizing critical and fundamental aspects, in particular the applications of the Bayesian standpoint.     

Doob's Decomposition Theorem for Fuzzy (Super) Submartingales

Abstract

The notions of fuzzy random variables and fuzzy (super) submartingales are introduced. In this paper we provide the necessary and sufficient conditions of Doob's decomposition for fuzzy (super) submartingales. Finally, we discuss the decomposition of fuzzy (super) submartingales on R, and an example is given which explains that not every fuzzy (super) submartingale has Doob's decomposition.     

Two methods for minimizing convex functions in a class of nonconvex sets

The conditional gradient method and the steepest descent method, which are conventionally used for solving convex programming problems, are extended to the case where the feasible set is the set-theoretic difference between a convex set and the union of several convex sets. Iterative algorithms are proposed, and their convergence is examined.     

Bases of rearrangement invariant spaces

We prove that if E is a rearrangement-invariant space, then a boundedly complete basis exists in E, if and only if one of the following conditions holds: 1) E is maximal and E ≠ L ₁[0, 1]; 2) a certain (any) orthonormal system of functions from L _∞[0, 1], possessing the properties of the Schauder basis for the space of continuous on [0, 1] functions with the norm L _∞, represents a boundedly complete basis in E. As a corollary, we state the following assertion: Any (certain) orthonormal system of functions from L _∞[0, 1], possessing the properties of the Schauder basis for the space of continuous on [0, 1] functions with the norm L _∞, represents a spanning basis in a separable rearrangement-invariant space E, if and only if the adjoint space E* is separable. We prove that in any separable rearrangement-invariant space E the Haar system either forms an unconditional basis, or a strongly conditional one. The Haar system represents a strongly conditional basis in a separable rearrangement-invariant space, if and only if at least one of the Boyd indices of this space is trivial.     

The travelling preacher, projection, and a lower bound for the stability number of a graph

The coflow min–max equality is given a travelling preacher interpretation, and is applied to give a lower bound on the maximum size of a set of vertices, no two of which are joined by an edge.     

The derivative-dependent functional variable separation for the evolution equations

This paper studies variable separation of the evolution equations via the generalized conditional symmetry. To illustrate, we classify the extended nonlinear wave equation u_tt=Au,u_xu_xx+Bu,u_x,u_t which admits the derivative-dependent functional separable solutions DDFSSs). We also extend the concept of the DDFSS to cover other variable separation approaches.     

Popper's Experiment and Conditional Uncertainty Relations

Application of the uncertainty principle to conditional measurements is investigated and found to be valid for measurements on separated sub-systems. In light of this, an apparent violation of the uncertainty principle obtained by Kim and Shih in their realization of Popper's experiment [1] is explained through analogy with a simple optical system.     

分裂扩张的稳定自同构群

本文给出有限群的分裂的Ａｂｅｌ扩张的稳定自同构群的计算．作为应用,给出了循环群的半直积的自同构群的结构,它包括了若干已知结果,如文［１］的全部结果,并解决了［１］提出的问题．     

条件异方差双门限自回归模型的门限和延时的小波估计

本文讨论了条件异方差双门限自回归模型的门限和延时的识别问题,通过经验小波系数,给出了门限个数和门限以及延时的估计,在较弱的条例下,证明了所给的估计是相合的。