氢气扩散火焰中辐射源项湍流脉动特征的PDF模拟

采用κ-ε湍流模型、标量联合的概率密度函数(PDF)输运方程和层流火焰面模型相结合,模拟氢气自由扩散火焰中辐射源项湍流脉动特征.给出了主燃区内辐射源项湍流脉动的频率图.辐射源项的样本点分布集中,大约95%以上的样本落在其系综的±3倍方差以内,频谱图为单峰.     

Effect of local variations of the laminar flame speed on the global finger-flame acceleration scenario

Numerous formulations describing the dynamics and morphology of corrugated flames, including the scenarios of flame acceleration, are based on a “geometrical consideration”, where the wrinkled-to-planar flame velocities ratio, S_w /S_L , is evaluated as the scaled flame surface area, while the entire combustion chemistry is immersed into the planar flame speed S_L , which is assumed to be constant. However, S_L may experience noticeable spatial/temporal variations in practice, in particular, due to pressure/temperature variations as well as non-uniform distribution of the equivalence ratio and/or that of combustible or inert dust impurities. The present work initiates the systematic study of the impact of the local S_L -variations on the global flame evolution scenario. The variations are assumed to be imposed externally, in a manner being a free functional of the formulation. Specifically, the linear, parabolic and hyperbolic spatial S_L -distributions are incorporated into the formulations of finger flame acceleration in pipes, and they are compared to the case of constant S_L . Both two-dimensional channels and cylindrical tubes are considered. The conditions promoting or moderating flame acceleration are identified, and the revisited equations for the flame shape, velocity and acceleration rate are obtained for various S_L -distributions. The theoretical findings are validated by the computational simulations of the reacting flow equations, with agreement between the theory and modelling demonstrated.     

Manufacturing,thermal stability,and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate kaolin (MPPK) was synthesized by the reaction of pentaerythritol phosphate with kaolin (K) and melamine. The structure of MPPK was confirmed by EDXS, ¹H NMR, FTIR, and XRD. MPPK was blended with polypropylene (PP) at different loading levels. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that MPPK improved the thermal stability of PP at high temperatures in all PP composites. Vertical burning rate test manifested that PP composites can achieve V0 at 20% and 25% MPPK loading levels. Cone calorimeter data exhibited that addition of 25% MPPK to PP reduced peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 86% and 76% and increased the char residue after test to 67%. The results of PP/25% MPPK composite were compared with the data obtained from PP containing 25% K and 25% of traditional intumescent flame retardant composed of melamine phosphate (MP), pentaerythritol (PE), and K. The outcomes indicated that MPPK was more efficient in flame retardancy than the other systems. The digital photographs and SEM images for char residue demonstrated that MPPK succeeded in forming cellular and coherent char layer on the PP surface. The main advantage of adding 25% MPPK to PP was its ability to preserve nearly the inner half of the sample without burning after cone calorimeter test.     

Sustainable,fire‐resistant phthalonitrile‐based glass fiber composites

The sustainable resveratrol‐based phthalonitrile was used in the preparation of E‐glass fiber‐reinforced phthalonitrile composite panels fabricated by hot pressed prepreg consolidation with bis[4‐(3‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone (m‐BAPS) as the curing additive. This amorphous monomer exhibited excellent viscosities at temperatures below 200 °C, which is applicable to standard processing conditions. Rheometric measurements were used to evaluate the cure of the composite as a function of the postcure conditions. The composite retains >95% of its room temperature storage modulus up to 450 °C based on these postcuring parameters. More importantly, flammability performance of the composite—which was determined in terms of ignitability, heat release, and mass loss rate—excels over other state‐of‐the‐art polymer/glass composites. Even under the most extreme heat fluxes (e.g., 100 kW⋅m⁻²), the composite performs exceptionally well suggesting that resveratrol‐based phthalonitrile composites can be used in fire‐resistant applications. Published 2018.^† J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 1128–1132     

基于激光诱导偏振光谱与激光诱导荧光技术的CH4/AIR火焰参数测量

建立了激光诱导偏振光谱（LIPS）和激光诱导荧光（LIF）联合的燃烧流场诊断系统,测量了CH4/AIR预混火焰中心不同高度处的OH荧光光谱和激光诱导偏振光谱,计算了OH的浓度及燃烧场温度分布。分析了燃烧炉表面对荧光收集效率的影响,并对两种技术的测量数据进行了分析比对,获得了火焰中心OH密度的分布规律。实验结果表明,联合LIPS和LIF两种技术测量CH4/AIR预混火焰参数是可行的,两种技术测量结果的一致性较好,OH浓度的相对偏差小于5%,温度的相对偏差小于8%。     

沟渠内杨木三合板架空燃烧的火灾行为的研究

建立了缩尺寸沟渠火灾试验模型,测量了沟渠以及平台入口附近的温度分布,研究了沟渠内杨木三合板架空燃烧的位置和沟渠的倾斜角度对火蔓延行为的影响,分析了火焰传播特征和火蔓延速率.试验结果表明:在沟渠效应和烟囱效应的综合作用下,火焰先从杨木三合板与沟渠底板之间的狭长空间传播到沟渠顶部,在入口处形成喷射状火焰;狭长空间内的温度先...     

基于阻尼LSQR-LMBC的火焰三维温度场重建

光场相机可以解决辐射测温多相机系统光路复杂、同步触发难等问题,在辐射成像三维温度重建时有其独特优势. LSQR是求解基于大型稀疏矩阵最小二乘问题的经典算法,该算法用于重建三维温度场时对温度初值依赖较大,在信噪比较低的情况下重建精度不理想.本文提出阻尼LSQR-LMBC重建算法,通过在LSQR方法中添加阻尼正则化项,提高火焰三维温度场重建的抗噪性能,并结合LMBC算法,实现吸收系数和三维温度场同时求解.在数值模拟部分,随着信噪比逐渐降低,阻尼LSQR的重建效果比LSQR更加稳定,在信噪比达到13.86 d B时,重建精度大约提高30%.阻尼LSQR-LMBC的平均重建误差为6.63%.用丁烷火焰进行了实验,重建的丁烷火焰三维温度场分布符合辐射火焰燃烧的特征,和热电偶的测温数据结果进行对比,相对误差在6.8%左右.     

Hydrodynamic instability of premixed flame propagating in narrow planar channel in the presence of gas flow

The paper analyses the hydrodynamic instability of a flame propagating in the space between two parallel plates in the presence of gas flow. The linear analysis was performed in the framework of a two-dimensional model that describes the averaged gas flow in the space between the plates and the perturbations development of two-dimensional combustion wave. The model includes the parametric dependences of the flame front propagation velocity on its local curvature and on the combustible gas velocity averaged along the height of the channel. It is assumed that the viscous gas flow changes the surface area of the flame front and thereby affects the propagation velocity of the two-dimensional combustion wave. In the absence of the influence of the channel walls on the gas flow, the model transforms into the Darrieus–Landau model of flame hydrodynamic instability. The dependences of the instability growth rate on the wave vector of disturbances, the velocity of the unperturbed gas flow, the viscous friction coefficients and other parameters of the problem are obtained. It is shown that the viscous gas flow in the channel can lead, in some cases, to a significant increase in instability compared with a flame propagating in free space. In particular, the instability increment depends on the direction of the gas flow with respect direction of the flame propagation. In the case when the gas flow moves in the opposite direction to the direction of the flame propagation, the pulsating instability can appear.     

A model for crack formation during active solid pyrolysis of a char-forming solid: crack patterns; surface area generation; volatile mass efflux

A model is developed for the formation and propagation of cracks in a material sample that is heated at its top surface, pyrolyses, and then thermally degrades to form char. In this work the sample is heated uniformly over its entire top surface by a hypothetical flame (a heat source). The pyrolysis mechanism is described by a one-step overall reaction that is dependent nonlinearly on the temperature (Arrhenius form). Stresses develop in response to the thermal degradation of the material by means of a shrinkage strain caused by local mass loss during pyrolysis. When the principal stress exceeds a prescribed threshold value, the material forms a local crack. Cracks are found to generally originate at the surface in response to heating, but occasionally they form in the bulk, away from ever-changing material boundaries. The resulting cracks evolve and form patterns whose characteristics are described. Quantities examined in detail are: the crack spacing in the pyrolysis zone; the crack length evolution; the formation and nature of crack loops which are defined as individual cracks that have joined to form loops that are disconnected from the remaining material; the formation of enhanced pyrolysis area; and the impact of all of the former quantities on mass flux. It is determined that the mass flux from the sample can be greatly enhanced over its nominal (non-cracking) counterpart. The mass efflux profile qualitatively resembles those observed in Cone Calorimeter tests.     

Laminar flamelet modeling of a turbulent CH4/H2/N2 jet diffusion flame using artificial neural networks

The laminar flamelet concept is used in the prediction of mean reactive scalars in a non-premixed turbulent CH₄/H₂/N₂ flame. First, a databank for temperature and species concentrations is developed from the solutions of counter-flow diffusion flames. The effects of flow field on flamelets are considered by using mixture fraction and scalar dissipation rate. Turbulence-chemistry interactions are taken into account by integrating different quantities based on a presumed probability density function (PDF), to calculate the Favre-averaged values of scalars. Flamelet library is then generated. To interpolate in the generated library, one artificial neural network (ANN) is trained where the mean and variance of mixture fraction and the scalar dissipation rate are used as inputs, and species mean mass fractions and temperature are selected as outputs. The weights and biases of this ANN are implemented in a CFD flow solver code, to estimate mean values of the scalars. Results reveal that ANN yields good predictions and the computational time has decreased as compared to numerical integration for the estimation of mean thermo-chemical variables in the CFD code. Predicted thermo-chemical quantities are close to those from experimental measurements but some discrepancies exist, which are mainly due to the assumption of non-unity Lewis number in the calculations.