Nonlinear Prices in Nonconvex Economies with Classical Pareto and Strong Pareto Optimal Allocations

The paper is devoted to applications of modern tools of variational analysis to equilibrium models of welfare economics involving generally nonconvex economies with infinite-dimensional commodity spaces. The main results relate to the so-called generalized/extended second welfare theorem ensuring an equilibrium price support at Pareto optimal allocations. Based on advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation, we establish refined results of this type with the novel usage of nonlinear prices at the three types to optimal allocations: weak Pareto, Pareto, and strong Pareto. We pay a special attention to strong Pareto optimal allocations in economies with ordering commodity spaces showing that enhanced results for them do not require, in contrast to the classical types of weak Pareto and Pareto optimality, any net demand qualification conditions. Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000): 91B50, 49J52 Dedicated to the memory of Yuri Abramovich     

考虑产品环境质量和消费者惯性的电动汽车供应链策略分析

按是否拥有传统汽车将潜在消费者分成两类,基于不同购买行为的消费者,根据消费者购买行为理论,针对每一类消费者分别建立效用模型,运用斯坦伯格博弈理论求解得到厂商的最优定价策略和政府的最优补贴策略,进而分析政府考虑包括厂商收益、消费者剩余、政府支出以及环境效益在内的社会福利最大化时电动汽车的环境质量、传统汽车原拥有比例以及消费者惯性三因素对电动汽车普及率、政府补贴以及生产商收益的影响。研究结果表明:当生产成本小于某阀值时,电动汽车的市场需求随电动汽车的环境质量的增加而增大,传统汽车的市场需求则随之减小,反之亦然。电动汽车的生产效率较高时,政府的最优补贴随产品环境质量的增加而增大,生产效率较低时,最优补贴随之减小,政府通过增大补贴的方式鼓励生产商提高生产效率。最后通过数值实验验证了以上结论,并分析得到以上三方面因素对生产商收益的影响。     

氢氮氧氟氯译名的创制与厘定

“氢、氮、氧、氟、氯”是现代化学中十分重要的元素,但是这些名词的创制与传播过程一直不太明晰。本文研究发现,“氢、氟、氯”1908年由中国化学会欧洲支会首创,其成果被1909年设立的编订名词馆吸收,并创制了“氮、氧”。这些译名在创制之初未能产生重要影响,1920年后才在郑贞文与商务印书馆的大力支持下被广泛使用,并最终在1932年的教育部化学讨论会上被确定下来,为化学界所接受。     

Ultrasonic-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation for upgrading pyrolysis-oil

Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways, which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable, thus, more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This study proposes a process, including biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading, using mixed fast and slow pyrolysis conversion pathway, as well as sono-catalytic transfer hydrogenation (SCTH) treatment process. The proposed SCTH treatment employs ammonium formate as a hydrogen transfer additive and palladium supported on carbon as the catalyst. Utilizing SCTH, bio-oil molecular bonds were broken and restructured via the phenomena of cavitation, rarefaction, and hydrogenation, with the resulting product composition, investigated using ultimate analysis and spectroscopy. Additionally, an in-line characterization approach is proposed, using near-infrared spectroscopy, calibrated by multivariate analysis and modeling. The results indicate the potentiality of ultrasonic cavitation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and SCTH for incorporating hydrogen into the organic phase of bio-oil. It is concluded that the integration of pyrolysis with SCTH can improve bio-oil for enabling the production of fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds from lignocellulosic biomass.     

The space-time pattern of price waves

We investigate the way price fluctuations are transmitted between spatially separated markets. More specifically we show that the correlation patterns of wheat prices exhibit definite regularities some of which appear to be at variance with intuitive reasoning. Such patterns can be explained in the framework of a wave propagation model based on the so-called spatial arbitrage assumption. In 19th century France the velocity of price waves was of the order of 100 km/month. The economic implications of such an order of magnitude are discussed. In the concluding section we emphasize that what gives this problem its importance is its relative “simplicity”, a word for which we propose an operational definition. Received 1 September 1998 and Received in final form 3 October 1998     

WITH TEN YEARS' EFFORT THE SWORD EDGE IS GRINDED SHARP,AFTER THE COLD WINTER PLUM FLOWER BLOSSOMS-A REVIEW OF CHINA TRAJECTORY OPTIMIZATION COMPETITION

全国空间轨道设计竞赛(China Trajectory Optimization Competition, 简称 CTOC)依托中国力学学会,自2009年创办以来,至今已经成功举办了十届。经过十年来的不懈努力,CTOC为国内各高校及研究机构提供了空间轨道设计与优化研究的交流平台,既为我国的空间探索与应用领域选拔和储备了后备人才,又为该领域的工程实践提供了知识储备。本文以时间为主线,回顾了全国空间轨道设计竞赛十年来的发展历程以及所取得的成效,归纳总结了该竞赛的主要特色与创新。     

基于中国大学MOOC和超星学习通平台的化学与社会课程在线教学实践

采用国家精品在线开放课程作为课程资源、超星学习通作为智慧教学工具,成功开展了化学与社会课程在线教学。实践表明,基于MOOC和超星学习通相结合的在线教学形式受到了学生的欢迎,参与积极性高,教学效果良好。     

国际理论与应用力学联合会的建立过程

本文依据历史资料,简述了国际理论与应用力学联合会(International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,IUTAM)的建立过程,以及中国力学学会 (Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,CSTAM) 1980年加入国际理论与应用力学联合会的一些情况,供大家研究力学史时参考。     

线性需求市场三级价格歧视下的福利研究

本对线性需求市场下三级价格歧视对总福利的影响效应进行了研究。结果显示：价格歧视对总福利的影响方向是不确定的。当没有市场排除时，价格歧视降低总福利；当发生市场排除且只供应第一个市场时，价格歧视增加总福利；若供应的市场数超过1个，则当排除市场总的潜在经济规模大于供应市场潜在规模分布的离散程度时，价格歧视增进总福利，反之，价格歧视降低总福利。     

Reactionaries and Einstein’s Fame: “German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science,” Relativity,and the Bad Nauheim Meeting

Two important and unpleasant events occurred in Albert Einstein’s life in 1920: That August an antirelativity rally was held in the large auditorium of the Berlin Philharmonic, and a few weeks later Einstein was drawn into a tense and highly publicized debate with Philipp Lenard on the merits of relativity at a meeting in Bad Nauheim, Germany. I review these events and discuss how they affected Einstein in light of new documentary evidence that has become available through the publication of Volume 10 of the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Jeroen van Dongen is Associate Editor with the Einstein Papers Project at the California Institute of Technology and Veni Research Fellow of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) at Utrecht University.