上海市力学学会60年

上海市力学学会成立于1959年9月20日,到今年正好是一个甲子．60个春秋真实写照了上海市力学学会的建立、成长、发展与壮大的过程．60年来,在上海市科协的领导和中国力学学会的指导下,在各团体成员单位的大力支持下,上海市力学学会一代代力学工作者薪火相传、开拓耕耘,历届理事会及下属工作委员会和专业委员会团结奋进、不断创新,广大会员踊跃参与,为上海力学大力发展、力学人才精心培养、力学知识科学普及、力学服务国家发展战略和区域经济建设中做出了重要贡献,学会持续发展壮大．在庆祝力学学会成立六十周年之际,让我们共同抒怀上海力学六十年薪火相传、回顾近10年重要发展,展望上海力学新时代．     

关于城市出租车规划的模型及应用

运用增长率法,建立指数增长的模型,结合规划期的人口规模,预测规划期的居民出行量和居民出行强度,以及乘坐出租车人口,随后利用出租车空载率为主要参数,建立数学模型并预测出租车的最佳数量.利用经济学分析方法,用埃奇沃思盒式图描述交易双方的福利变化,建立均衡时的价格竞争模型,寻求使司机和乘客达到帕累托改进的可能性.分别就油价调整前后的情况,找出调整起租基价和综合单位里程车价能使双方都满意的次优方案.进一步分析了起租基价和里程的合理性,提出了数据采集的建议和方案,并向市公用事业管理部门概括介绍.模型对确定其他类似准公共产品的供应量和定价也具有一定的借鉴意义.     

中国福利彩票销售额影响因素分析与基于残差主成分分析的预测

本文应用多元回归分析的方法讨论了中国各省份福利彩票销售额与国民经济、就业人员和职工工资、财政、固定资产投资、人民生活这五个大类中的22个预测变量之间的相关关系,找出了对彩票销售额有显著性影响的变量,此外我们发现,不同年份的数据所得到的残差存在强相关性,本文利用主成分分析的观点提取出了不同年份残差中的公共信息,最后得出彩票销售额的预测方程,利用上述方程对2007年各省份的彩票销售额进行预测,并与真实的销售额数据进行对比,获得了较小的平均相对预报误差.这说明本文所建立的模型确实可以对中国的福利彩票销售额进行有效的预测.     

Microscopic models for welfare measures addressing a reduction of economic inequality

We formulate a flexible micro‐to‐macro kinetic model which is able to explain the emergence of income profiles out of a whole of individual economic interactions. The model is expressed by a system of several nonlinear differential equations which involve parameters defined by probabilities. Society is described as an ensemble of individuals divided into income classes; the individuals exchange money through binary and ternary interactions, leaving the total wealth unchanged. The ternary interactions represent taxation and redistribution effects. Dynamics is investigated through computational simulations, the focus being on the effects that different fiscal policies and differently weighted welfare policies have on the long‐run income distributions. The model provides a tool which may contribute to the identification of the most effective actions toward a reduction of economic inequality. We find for instance that, under certain hypotheses, the Gini index is more affected by a policy of reduction of the welfare and subsidies for the rich classes than by an increase of the upper tax rate. Such a policy also has the effect of slightly increasing the total tax revenue. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 89–98, 2016     

基于社会福利最大化的油气资源税费研究

合理的油气资源税费能够引导企业优化开发决策,平衡当代与后代利益关系,实现跨期资源有效配置。从跨期油气资源最优分配的角度,通过最优控制理论构建寡头垄断市场中社会福利最大化和企业利润最大化目标下的油气资源开发决策模型,并以社会福利最大化目标下的资源开发决策为基准,研究从价、从量、储量三种不同形式的油气资源税费对资源开发决策的调节作用,研究发现:(1)征收从价税费,最优的从价税率为26.4%,政府既可以保障社会最优,还可以获得较多的税费收入;(2)征收从量税费,从量税率为1.77元/吨,政府可以保证社会福利最大化,但相比从价税费政府的税费收入较少;(3)征收储量税费,社会福利最大化下的储量税费为-0.13元/吨,也就是政府需向企业进行补贴才可以保证社会最优,会形成一定的财政压力。     

Arrow's Theorem,Weglorz' Models and the Axiom of Choice

Applying Weglorz' mode s of set theory without the axiom of choice, we investigate Arrow‐type social we fare functions for infinite societies with restricted coalition algebras. We show that there is a reasonable, nondictatorial social welfare function satisfying “finite discrimination”, if and only if in Weglorz' mode there is a free ultrafilter on a set representing the individuals.     

基于FDI收益分成视角的FTA网络演化

本文假定双边自由贸易协定(bilateral free trade agreement,简称FTA)包含着无限制对外直接投资(foreign direct investment,简称FDI),并且通过FDI销售到非FTA伙伴国的收益按照一定比例在母国和东道国之间进行分配。基于Goyal和Joshi^[1],本文构建了FTA网络形成博弈模型。本文发现,FTA网络演化过程分为两个阶段:第一阶段,从空FTA网络到星状FTA网络,存在一条路径使得个体国家福利、世界总福利均改善,在此过程中,国家福利存在不对称性;第二阶段,从星状FTA网络到全连接FTA网络,存在一条路径使得个体国家福利改善,在此过程中,世界总福利不变,国家福利不对称性逐步消除。     

Pre-commitment or post-payment: Which worsens a line-sitting firm’s revenue?

Recently, Cui et al. (2018) investigated the economics of line-sitting, where a customer could hire a line-sitter to wait for her, and the line-sitting fee is paid at the completion of service. Usually, it is believed that the line-sitting firm benefits in the pre-commitment payment method, in which the customer still pays a pre-specified amount of fee for service even if the actual waiting time is less than the pre-committed wait. By comparing two payment mechanisms, we find that, surprisingly, under the optimal line-sitting rate, the revenue of firm worsens under pre-commitment case, but a better customer welfare can be obtained.     

Contract type and decision right of sales promotion in supply chain management with a capital constrained retailer

From the practices of Chinese consumer electronics market, we find there are two key issues in supply chain management: The first issue is the contract type of either wholesale price contracts or consignment contracts with revenue sharing, and the second issue is the decision right of sales promotion (such as advertising, on-site shopping assistance, rebates, and post-sales service) owned by either manufacturers or retailers. We model a supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer who has limited capital and faces deterministic demand depending on retail price and sales promotion. The two issues interact with each other. We show that only the combination (called as chain business mode) of a consignment contract with the manufacturer’s right of sales promotion or a wholesale price contract with the retailer’s right of sales promotion is better for both members. Moreover, the latter chain business mode is realized only when the retailer has more power in the chain and has enough capital, otherwise the former one is realized. But which one is preferred by customers? We find that the former is preferred by customers who mainly enjoy low price, while the latter is preferred by those who enjoy high sales promotion level.     

供应链视角下的增值税改革影响研究

构建了一个制造商和一个零售商所组成的两级供应链模型,研究增值税税率下调对供应链决策和社会福利的影响.结果表明,下调制造商、零售商增值税税率都会使产品零售价降低,提高零售商和制造商的利润.下调增值税税率给制造商带来的利润增量大于给零售商带来的利润增量.制造商税率下调导致批发价降低,零售商税率下调反而提高批发价.社会福利的...