注重基础促进交叉尊重选择培育英才 ——北京大学化学学科"拔尖计划"十年

北京大学化学与分子工程学院在实施基础学科拔尖学生培养计划过程中,实行动态管理制度,低年级统一培养,高年级通过制定个性化教学方案和参加科研训练的办法遴选拔尖学生,探索"扎根课堂打好基础,依托科研提高能力,着眼交流开阔眼界"的培养模式,实现"以高水平科研带动创新人才培养"的目标。在基础核心课程中设置平行的英文班和阅读讨论班以适应不同学生的需求。2016年,随着北京大学综合改革计划的推进,进一步明确了"一体化、多层次、开放式、重基础、求创新"的教学指导思想,在注重化学基础理论知识和基本实验方法培养、注重数学和物理基础知识学习的基础上,构建多样化和多模式的立体课程体系,为学生提供适合的课程学习和个性化学术发展途径。     

浙江大学求是化学班人才培养的多层次科研实践体系

浙江大学化学系在求是化学班的培养过程中,以基础学科拔尖创新人才为培养目标,注重提升本科生科研能力,依托学科优势,从科研基础知识体系构建、科研思维模式拓展和科研创新实践能力强化等方面构筑分阶段、分层次、多平台、多模式的科研实践培养体系。该体系总体上以科研训练为主线,从广度科研认知到深度科研实践,融通校内第一、二课堂和校外第三、四课堂,贯穿整个拔尖人才培养过程。经过多年的探索与实践,该科研实践体系在培养学生的科研能力、创新思维和国际视野等方面已经初见成效。     

Ecological interaction and phylogeny, studying functionality on composed networks

We study a class of composed networks that are formed by two tree networks, T_P and T_A, whose end points touch each other through a bipartite network B_PA. We explore this network using a functional approach. We are interested in how much the topology, or the structure, of T_X (X=A or P) determines the links of B_PA. This composed structure is a useful model in evolutionary biology, where T_P and T_A are the phylogenetic trees of plants and animals that interact in an ecological community. We make use of ecological networks of dispersion of fruits, which are formed by frugivorous animals and plants with fruits; the animals, usually birds, eat fruits and disperse their seeds. We analyse how the phylogeny of T_X determines or is correlated with B_PA using a Monte Carlo approach. We use the phylogenetic distance among elements that interact with a given species to construct an index κ that quantifies the influence of T_X over B_PA. The algorithm is based on the assumption that interaction matrices that follows a phylogeny of T_X have a total phylogenetic distance smaller than the average distance of an ensemble of Monte Carlo realisations. We find that the effect of phylogeny of animal species is more pronounced in the ecological matrix than plant phylogeny.     

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引进了美国GAMMA公司的高精度数字式可调标准光源RS-5B,并对其性能参数进行了测试。结果表明,该光源光强空间分布非常稳定,在光强大于0.001μW•cm-2时,复位性优于1%;在光强大于0.01μW•cm-2时,稳定性优于0.5%。其输出光强与标称值呈线性分布关系。这些优良的参数和特性满足聚变物理标定研究中对标定源的需求,为物理实验数据分析和计算模拟提供了条件。     

Guidance for accredited laboratories on the use of computers

 We review the draft international standard ISO/IEC 17025 and the EA guidelines; and present the existing National Physical Laboratory publication “Software in scientific instruments” and the new Measurement System Validation Best Practice guide. Received: 2 November 1999 / Accepted: 29 January 2000     

基于专业课程培养本科生创新精神和科研能力——以无机合成化学为例

以无机合成化学为例进行了基于专业课程培养本科生创新精神和科研能力的教学方法改革,探索以专业课程为载体加强本科生创新精神和科研能力的培养,提高学生在学习中的主体地位,培养勤于思考、敢于怀疑、勇于创新的素质和精神,提升科研能力,形成终身学习的能力和习惯。教学改革取得了一定的成效。     

R&D投资规模的统计规律性研究

徐士钰．Ｒ＆Ｄ投资规模的统计规律性研究．数理统计与管理，１９９８，１７（３），３１～３６．本文应用国家工业化发展阶段理论［１］及基于Ｒ＆Ｄ投资规模须和国家工业化发展水平的需要和可能相适应的认识，把所述发达国家和部分先进的发展中国家在不同工业化发展阶段上Ｒ＆Ｄ投资规模的变化过程，都看成是某一非平稳随机过程的一个实现（样本），并用皮尔（Ｐｅａｒｌ）生长曲线模型近似描述该非平稳随机过程均值的变化规律，结果与现实情况符合程度较高，本文揭示的Ｒ＆Ｄ投资规模的这一统计规律，对于发展中国家及我国在制订宏观科技投资政策时，具有较高的参考价值     

以葡萄糖结构教学为例,培养本科生科学思维能力

葡萄糖的结构中含有羟基和醛基,两者的连接次序、位置、方式和空间关系等对其结构、物理与化学性质都产生重要的影响。本文以此教学单元为例,在回顾醛、醇知识的基础上,引导学生深入分析葡萄糖结构中这些官能团间的相互作用与影响。在帮助他们实现知识融会贯通的同时,逐步培养本科生的科学思维能力。     

Boosting the advantages of biosensors: Niche applicability and fitness for environmental purpose

Environmental assessments rely on data derived from metrological schemes in order to draw in due detail the state of the ecosystems. The reliability of the data and the cost-effectiveness of the scheme become critical, especially if the ultimate goal involves decision making and policy development. Biosensor platforms provide the versatility required for integrating environmental, metrological and operational parameters at the design phase. The pertinency and the opportunity for environmental biosensing is apparent, although not seized appropriately with only a few environmental biosensors in the market. This study is based on a technology forecasting approach using bibliometric data to trace the dynamics of the science base and content analysis to identify the drawbacks of the technology base. The results are compared with market forecasts in an effort to align research dynamics with market opportunities. A number of key findings emerged, such as the increase in networking and the establishment of a multi-disciplinarity trend, as well as a shifting of research scope towards ready-to-market designing. Notwithstanding, a renewed interest of the physical chemistry sector has been identified herein, indicating necessary revisions of the science-base, adding a critical parameter in the uncertainty of trajectories.