Experimental analysis of conical baffles with rifts on heat transfer and pressure drop

In the present study, convective heat transfer to the air from a heating tube attached to conical baffles with rift was experimentally examined. The air entering the test section first contacts the large surface of the conical baffle. Therefore, the conical baffle both directs the air toward the heating surface and increases the heat transfer surface area. In the experiments, baffles with inclination angles of 45°, 60°, and 80° were used. The baffles were placed on the heating tube at the pitch of 15 mm. The temperature of the heating fluid (water) was kept fixed at 65°C. In addition to the riftless baffles, the experiments were carried out by using baffles with a rift spacing of 1.5 and 3.5 mm so that the boundary layer separation mechanism could be accelerated. Experimental results for eight different velocities of airflow (2–20 m/s) were presented. For the inclination angle of 60°, the increase in the heat transfer of the baffle with rift was 13% at a rift spacing of 1.5 mm and 4% at a rift spacing of 3.5 mm according to the riftless baffle. In addition, for the inclination angle of 60°, the pressure drop values of the riftless and the rift spacing of 1.5 and 3.5 mm were almost the same.     

Valley filtering due to orbital magnetic moment in bilayer graphene

We investigate the effect of valley-dependent orbital magnetic moment on the transmission of quasiparticles through biased bilayer graphene npn and pnp junctions in the presence of out-of-plane magnetic field. It is shown that the valley-polarized Zeeman-like energy splitting, due to the interaction of orbital magnetic moment with magnetic field, can suppress the transmission of quasiparticles of one valley while transmitting those of the other valley. This valley-selective transmission property can be exploited for valley filtering. We demonstrate that the npn and pnp junction, respectively, filters off the $K^{\prime }$-valley and K-valley particles, with nearly perfect degree of filtration.     

The infrared spectra and structure of acetamide and acrylamide

The far-IR vapour phase spectra of acetamide and acrylamide are reported and several transitions in the amido “inversion” vibration are identified. The potential energy curves governing the vibration are deduced from the experimental data and are found to have a single broad minimum for both molecules, implying that the amido hydrogens are copianar with the N-CO atoms, but that the resistance to their out of plane displacement is small. The band contours found in the mid-IR spectrum of acrylamide suggest that the cis orientation of the two double bonds about the C-C single bond is favoured over the trans orientation; indeed no evidence of the latter has been found.     

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and cultural heritage biodeterioration: Fungi identification in earthen architecture from Paraíba Valley (São Paulo,Brazil)

In this work, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was employed in the taxonomic identification of fungi found in biofilms formed on earthen architecture walls (adobe, wattle and daub, and rammed earth) of historical buildings in the region known as Paraíba Valley (or São Paulo Historical Valley), which are representative of the first phase of the Brazilian coffee cycle (1820–1880). Very few studies are reported in the literature where SERS-based techniques are used in fungi identification, most of them focused on clinical diagnosis. In the present investigation, pure colonies isolated from biofilms on earthen walls previously identified by classic taxonomy and molecular biology were selected. The genera were Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Fusarium and Penicillium. The fungi were cultured on solid potato dextrose agar, extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were applied on dried Au nanoparticles. The SERS spectra exhibited bands in the 600–1800 cm⁻¹ region which are characteristic of each genus, except Penicillium, as revealed by PCA statistical analysis. This work reports the use of a facile to prepare SERS-active substrate in the identification of microbial communities on earthen architecture walls and is the first step of an investigation aiming at the fast identification of fungi species from biofilms formed on earthen architecture buildings without the need of isolating the pure cultures.     

Valley-dependent electron transport in ferromagnetic/normal/ferromagnetic silicene junction

The electron transport through ferromagnetic/normal/ferromagnetic silicene junction with an induced energy gap is investigated in this work. The energy gap can be tuned by applying electric field or exchange fields due to the buckled structure of silicene. We analyze the local electric field, exchange field, length of normal region-dependence transmission probabilities of four groups and valley conductance. These transmission probabilities and valley conductance can be turned on or off by adjusting the local electric field and exchange field. In particular, a fully valley polarized conductance with 80% transmission is found in this junction, which can be caused by the interplay of valley-dependent massive Dirac electron, the exchange potential and the on-site potential difference of sublattices. Our findings will benefit applications in silicene-based high performance nano-electronics.     

Temporal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in PM10 from the Kathmandu Valley and their gas-particle concentrations in winter

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM) with a diameter <10 µm (PM₁₀, 50% cut off) were investigated in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during 2003. In order to understand the dynamics of atmospheric PAHs in winter, the PAH concentrations in total PM and in the gaseous phase were investigated in the valley in December 2005. Total of 45 PAH compounds (∑45PAHs) were analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). In 2003, the ∑45PAH concentrations in PM₁₀ ranged between 4.3 and 89 ng m^?3 (annual average; 27 ± 24 ng m^?3). The average concentrations of ∑45PAHs in December 2005 were 210 ± 33 ng m^?3 in total PM and 430 ± 90 ng m^?3 in the gaseous phase. The ∑45PAH concentration in PM accounted for more than 30% of the sum of their particulate and gaseous forms. Phenanthrene (Ph) was the most predominant compound in the gaseous phase, whereas four- to seven-ring PAHs were predominant in total PM. The highest values of ∑45PAHs occurred in the winter and spring. Estimates of emission sources based on diagnostic molecular ratios showed that atmospheric PAHs in the Kathmandu Valley mainly originated from the exhaust gas of diesel engine. In the winter and spring, PAH pollution would be accelerated by the operations of brick kilns and the frequent formation of an atmospherically stable layer in the valley.     

2003年夏季江南异常高温天气分析

利用NECP1948-2003年月平均资料，主要分析了2003年夏季长江流域以南高温天气形成过程的天气特征和物理过程，对比分析了膏藏高压和海温两个异常因子与夏季江南高温发生的关系．结果表明：夏季高层青藏高压的稳定、持续、加强和向东、西的不断扩张，有利于长江流域以南和华南地区产生高温天气，可作为一个异常强信号来预测江南高温干旱短期气候变化；副热带中太平洋和赤道东太平洋关键区在高温发生前一冬季海温有异常加热，尤其是赤道东太平洋地区，说明关键区海温与江南地区高温呈6个月的相关；东亚季风指数与江南夏季地面温度距平呈负相关，即当东亚夏季风偏弱时，长江流域及以南地区，夏季地面温度呈正距平。     

Valley polarized electronic transport through a line defect in graphene: An analytical approach based on tight-binding model

We develop a tight-binding theory to study the electronic transport through an extended line defect in monolayer graphene. After establishing an analytical expression of the transmission probability, we clarify the following issues concerning the valley polarization in the electronic transport process. Firstly, we find that the valley polarization is robust in the total linear dispersion region. More interestingly, we find that the lattice deformation around the line defect play an important role in tuning the incident angle for complete transmission. Finally, we indicate that next nearest neighbor interaction only causes a small suppression to the valley polarization.     

Electrical control of valley and spin polarized current and tunneling magnetoresistance in a silicene-based magnetic tunnel junction

We investigate the electronic transport in a silicene-based ferromagnetic metal/ferromagnetic insulator/ferromagnetic metal tunnel junction. The results show that the valley and spin transports are strongly dependent on local application of a vertical electric field and effective magnetization configurations of the ferromagnetic layers. In particular, it is found that the fully valley and spin polarized currents can be realized by tuning the external electric field. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the tunneling magnetoresistance ratio in such a full magnetic junction of silicene is very sensitive to the electric field modulation.     

Turbulence velocity spectra dependence on the mean wind at the bottom of a valley

A spectral analysis of the surface boundary layer turbulence at the bottom of a valley is presented. The spectra were classified according to wind speed, wind direction with respect to the valley axis and stability condition. The results reveal that the vertical velocity spectra have a well defined peak in all cases. The average spectra are better defined for mean winds parallel to the valley axis. For transversal winds, a large scatter occurs. The peak of the vertical velocity spectra happens at smaller frequencies for winds parallel to the valley axis than when the winds are transversal to the valley. The stability dependence of the spectral peak frequency of the vertical component is larger for winds larger than 1 m s⁻¹. The spectra of the horizontal components show low-frequency peaks, probably associated to mesoescala exchange. The frequency peak of the horizontal spectra does not depend on stability for convective conditions. For stable conditions, the peak frequency increases as it gets more stable. Local isotropy occurs at large frequencies for both wind directions with respect to the valley axis.