地质样品中岩性自动分类X－射线荧光光谱分析研究

鉴于地质样品岩性变化大，容易引起对Ｘ－射线荧光分析准确度的影响，尤其是主、次量元素受影响更大，因此，作者提出了岩性自动分类，交互有效－基本参数法分析地质样品中主、次量元素，并与原有的经验系数和其它方法进行了比较．结果表明本方法的准确度更好些，对岩性的变化具有更好的适应能力     

Structures of the Reactive Intermediates in Organocatalysis with Diarylprolinol Ethers

Structures of the reactive intermediates (enamines and iminium ions) of organocatalysis with diarylprolinol derivatives have been determined. To this end, diarylprolinol methyl and silyl ethers, 1 , and aldehydes, Ph? CH₂? CHO, ^tBu? CH₂? CHO, Ph? CH=CH? CHO, are condensed to the corresponding enamines, A and 3 (Scheme 2), and cinnamoylidene iminium salts, B and 4 (Scheme 3). These are isolated and fully characterized by melting/decomposition points, [α]_D, elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HR‐MS). Salts with BF₄, PF₆, SbF₆, and the weakly coordinating Al[OC(CF₃)₃]₄ anion were prepared. X‐Ray crystal structures of an enamine and of six iminium salts have been obtained and are described herein (Figs. 2 and 4–8, and Tables 2 and 7) and in a previous preliminary communication (Helv. Chim. Acta 2008 , 91, 1999). According to the NMR spectra (in CDCl₃, (D₆)DMSO, (D₆)acetone, or CD₃OD; Table 1), the major isomers 4 of the iminium salts have (E)‐configuration of the exocyclic N?C(1′) bond, but there are up to 11% of the (Z)‐isomer present in these solutions (Fig. 1). In all crystal structures, the iminium ions have (E)‐configuration, and the conformation around the exocyclic N‐C? C‐O bond is synclinal‐exo (cf. C and L ), with one of the phenyl groups over the pyrrolidine ring, and the RO group over the π‐system. One of the meta‐substituents (Me in 4b , CF₃ in 4c and 4e ) on a 3,5‐disubstituted phenyl group is also located in the space above the π‐system. DFT Calculations at various levels of theory (Tables 3–6) confirm that the experimentally determined structures (cf. Fig. 10) are by far (up to 8.3 kcal/mol) the most stable ones. Implications of the results with respect to the mechanism of organocatalysis by diarylprolinol derivatives are discussed.     

Two New Pseudoguaianolides from the Flowers of Parthenium hysterophorus

Chemical investigation on two samples of the flowers of Parthenium hysterophorus afforded two new pseudoguaianolides (one from each sample) together with several known constituents. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic (1D‐ and 2D‐NMR) studies. The X‐ray crystallographic analysis of one of these compounds was also accomplished.     

Nanotubes Made from Deeply Undercooled Cryolite/Alumina Melts

The rapid‐solidification processing (by a cooling rate of 10⁵–10⁶ K/s) was used for the preparation of deeply undercooled cryolite/alumina (Na₃AlF₆/Al₂O₃) melts. We found a mass of nanotubes on the surface of these undercooled melts. The nanotubes were preferentially located on the defect places of the surface with the following approximate dimensions: base≈100×100 nm, length≈1000 nm. The solidified samples with the nanotubes on the surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (IR).     

Specially profiled reflector for spherical front beams focusing

Focusing the power emitted from a source with spherical wave front by a specially profiled reflecting surface has been attempted using the simple ray tracing method. The reflector (mirror) surface profile that achieves such power redistribution is obtained from solving an ordinary first order differential equation using common numerical techniques. Furthermore, the proposed methodology can be useful to design complex reflectors for the electomagnatic and the acoustic systems, which finds broad engineering, industrial and biomedical applications.     

The minimum upper bound on the first ambiguous power of an irreducible, nonpowerful ray or sign pattern

Let A be an n×n irreducible ray or sign pattern matrix. If A is a sign pattern, it is shown that either A is powerful or else A^k has an ambiguous entry for some , and further, sign patterns based on the Wielandt graph show that this bound is the best possible. If A is a ray pattern, partial results for the same bound are given.     

Trace Analysis of Al on Silicon Surfaces by Ultra‐soft X‐Ray Emission Spectroscopy

It is shown that near normal incidence, low‐energy electron excitation of Al on silicon surfaces by ultra‐soft X‐Ray emission spectroscopy yielded limits of detectibility (LD) in the picogram region. This result on L band emission via electron excitation is fully competitive with photon excitation using K‐α lines via grazing incidence total reflection techniques (TXRF). Surprisingly, it was also found that normal incidence synchrotron photon excitation on the same sample yielded much higher values of LD than low‐energy electron excitation, undoubtedly due to the use of a poor transmission grating used in the entrance optics.     

Application of the ray tracing method in studying tracks in SSNTDs

The ray tracing method was applied to study etched tracks from α-particles in CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors. The transmission mode of a microscope operation was simulated. A track was considered as a set of small triangular elements, and the brightness of all elements was calculated systematically through the entire track to create the final image. Preliminary results are given for α-particle tracks in the CR-39 detector for initial energies of 4 and 4.5 MeV, and incident angles of 40 and 90°, respectively. Total reflection, as well as the slope of a surface element in the track wall, were identified as the main factors that affect the brightness of that element. At this stage, comparisons with experimental results can be made in terms of the average grey levels for the entire tracks.     

Asymptotic analysis of the Hermite polynomials from their differential–difference equation

We analyze the Hermite polynomials H _n (x) and their zeros asymptotically, as n → ∞ We obtain asymptotic approximations from the differential–difference equation which they satisfy, using the ray method. We give numerical examples showing the accuracy of our formulas.