Intermolecular Charge‐Transfer Transition Emitter Showing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Efficient Non‐Doped OLEDs

A novel molecular model of connecting electron‐donating (D) and electron‐withdrawing (A) moieties via a space‐enough and conjugation‐forbidden linkage (D‐Spacer‐A) is proposed to develop efficient non‐doped thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. 10‐(4‐(4‐(4,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl) phenoxy) phenyl)‐9,9‐dimethyl‐9,10‐dihydroacridine (DMAC‐o‐TRZ) was designed and synthesized accordingly. As expected, it exhibits local excited properties in single‐molecule state as D‐Spacer‐A molecular backbone strongly suppress the intramolecular charge‐transfer (CT) transition. And intermolecular CT transition acted as the vital radiation channel for neat DMAC‐o‐TRZ film. As in return, the non‐doped device exhibits a remarkable maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 14.7 %. These results prove the feasibility of D‐Spacer‐A molecules to develop intermolecular CT transition TADF emitters for efficient non‐doped OLEDs.     

Studies on Mesoporous Self-Organizing Aluminosilica

A detailed study on the preparation of highly ordered MCM-41 molecular sieves based on our new delayed neutralization process is presented. The rate of acidification does not have an apparent effect on the XRD patterns of MCM-41 but affects the morphology. The synthesized products give a thicker constant wall thickness (about 1.70 nm) of mesopore and a sharp pore size distribution. However, the structural order depends on the carbon chain length, the amount of alcohols as cosurfactants, and the synthetic temperature. A tubular morphology of the MCM-41 material, with hollow tubules 0.3 to 3 m in diameter, can be obtained by careful control of the surfactant–water content and the rate of condensation of silica under high-alkalinity conditions. In tubules-within-a-tubule, the wall of the tubule consists of coaxial cylindrical pores of nanometers characteristic of MCM-41. The hierarchical order structure takes place through a liquid crystal phase transformation mechanism in which an anisotropic membrane-to-tubule phase change is involved.     

全细胞膜片钳法研究铜对急性分离大鼠海马细胞钾电流的影响

Using the whole cell patch clamp technique, the effect of Cu^2＋on transient outward K^＋current （/to） and delayed rectifier K^＋ current （Idr） was studied in acutely isolated rat hippocampal neurons.Ito and Idr were increased when the concentration of Cu^2＋ was lower than 2 × 10^-5 and 10^-5 tool/L, respectively, and increased ratio was decreased with increasing Cu^2＋concentration in the bath solutions. When the concentration continued to increase to 5× 10^-5 and 2 × 10^- 5 mol/L, the currents were hardly changed, while the concentration was more than 10^-4 and 5 × 10^-5 mol/L, the currents were inhibited remarkably. Cu^2＋ （10^-5 mol/L） did not affect the activation and inactivation process of Ito. The activation curve of Idr was shifted toward positive potential, but 10^-5 mol/L Cu^2＋did not affect slope factor. According to these results, it was considered that Cu^2＋at low concentration in the bath solution could promote Ito and Idr while at high concentration could inhibit them, and change of amplitude was different with different membrane voltage. Conclusion was drawn： Cu^2＋may be involved in the pathophysiologic mechanism of diseases with neuropathological components.     

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules and their new applications aside from OLEDs

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules (TADF) molecules have been found to undergo efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) processes, which benefit their successful applications in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Due to their long-lived delayed fluorescence, TADF molecules can also be applied in time-resolved luminescence imaging. Besides their special singlet properties, their excited triplet characteristics provide their potential applications in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and organic photocatalytic synthesis by used as a triplet photosensitizer.     

Discrete time queues with delayed information

We study the behavior of a single-server discrete-time queue with batch arrivals, where the information on the queue length and possibly on service completions is delayed. Such a model describes situations arising in high speed telecommunication systems, where information arrives in messages, each comprising a variable number of fixed-length packets, and it takes one unit of time (a slot) to transmit a packet. Since it is not desirable to attempt service when the system may be empty, we study a model where we assume that service is attempted only if, given the information available to the server, it is certain that there are messages in the queue. We characterize the probability distribution of the number of messages in the queue under some general stationarity assumptions on the arrival process, when information on the queue size is delayedK slots, and derive explicit expressions of the PGF of the queue length for the case of i.i.d. batch arrivals and general independent service times. We further derive the PGF of the queue size when information onboth the queue length and service completion is delayedK=1 units of time. Finally, we extend the results to priority queues and show that when all messages are of unit length, thec rule remains optimal even in the case of delayed information.     

Efficient Direct Reverse Intersystem Crossing between Charge Transfer-Type Singlet and Triplet States in a Purely Organic Molecule

In the field of organic light-emitting diodes, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have achieved great performance. The key factor for this performance is the small energy gap (ΔE_ST) between the lowest triplet (T₁) and singlet excited (S₁) states, which can be realized in a well-separated donor-acceptor system. Such systems are likely to possess similar charge transfer (CT)-type T₁ and S₁ states. Recent investigations have suggested that the intervention of other type-states, such as locally excited triplet state(s), is necessary for efficient reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that our blue TADF material exhibits efficient RISC even between singlet CT and triplet CT states without any additional states. The key factor is dynamic flexibility of the torsion angle between the donor and acceptor, which enhances spin-orbit coupling even between the charge transfer-type T₁ and S₁ states, without sacrificing the small ΔE_ST. This results in excellent photoluminescence and electroluminescence performances in all the host materials we investigate, with sky-blue to deep-blue emissions. Among the hosts investigated, the deepest blue emission with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.16) and the highest EQE_MAX of 23.9 % are achieved simultaneously.     

Boron-containing Thermally Activated Delayed Blue Fluorescence Materials via Donor Tuning: a Theoretical Study

Based on the boron-containing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compound p-AC (AC: acridine) 5, 9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho [3, 2, 1-de] anthracene ( a ), a series of new TADF molecules b1 - b4 were designed via adding two nitrogen atoms at the AC donor part. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory calculations were performed on the frontier orbital energy levels, emission spectra, singlet-triplet states energy gaps (\begin{document}$ \Delta E_{\rm{ST}} $\end{document}), reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate constant (\begin{document}$ k_{\rm{RISC}} $\end{document}) for compounds a and b1 - b4 . Our calculation results show that the maximum emission wavelengths of b1 - b4 are significantly blue-shifted by 47 - 125 nm compared with that of a . Molecules b1 and b3 exhibit dark-blue emission, while molecules b2 and b4 display light-blue emission, indicating that these four derivatives could be potential organic light-emitting diode (OLED) candidates with blue-light emitting. Moreover, we found the RISC processes in a , b2 , and b4 can occur not only from T₁ state to S₁ state, but also from T₂ state to S₁ state significantly, while the RISC processes in b1 and b3 mainly take place via the T₂→S₁ hot exciton way. Importantly, the T₁→S₁ \begin{document}$ k_{\rm{RISC}} $\end{document} values of b2 and b4 are predicted to be two to three times of that of a , indicating enhanced TADF property. Our results not only provide two promising boron-based TADF candidates ( b2 and b4 ), but also offer useful theoretical basis for the design of blue OLED materials.     

Event-triggered control for sampled-data set stabilization of switched delayed boolean control networks

This paper considers the event-triggered control design for the uniform sampled-data set stabilization of switched delayed Boolean control networks (SDBCNs). First, using the algebraic state space representation method, SDBCNs are converted into the equivalent algebraic form. Second, using the algebraic form, the uniform sampled-data reachable sets are constructed, based on which, a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the uniform sampled-data set stabilization of SDBCNs. Finally, the event-triggered mechanism is presented, and a sufficient condition is proposed to design the time-variant state feedback event-triggered controller for the uniform sampled-data set stabilization of SDBCNs.     

On pth moment stabilization of hybrid systems by discrete-time feedback control

Since Mao initiated the study of stabilization of continuous-time hybrid stochastic differential equations (SDEs) by feedback controls based on discrete-time state observations in 2013, many authors have further studied and developed it. However, so far no work on the pth moment stabilization has been reported. This paper is to investigate how to stabilize a given unstable hybrid SDE by feedback controls based on discrete-time state observations, in the sense of H_∞, asymptotic and exponential stability in pth moment for all p > 1. The main techniques used are constructions of the Lyapunov functionals and generalizations of inequalities.     

Razumikhin method to global exponential stability for coupled neutral stochastic delayed systems on networks

Global exponential stability for coupled neutral stochastic delayed systems on networks (CNSDSNs) is investigated in this paper. By means of combining the Razumikhin method with graph theory, some sufficient conditions that can be verified easily are derived to ensure the global exponential stability for CNSDSNs. Finally, a specific model of CNSDSNs is discussed, and numerical test manifests the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.