Effective radiating area and beam non-uniformity ratio of ultrasound transducers at 5 MHz, according to IEC 61689:2007

This paper discloses results of measuring the effective radiating area (A_ER) and the beam non-uniformity ratio (R_BN) for US transducers at 5.0 MHz. Measurements were carried out at Laboratory of Ultrasound of the Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality. As reliability proof of system’s adequacy, uncertainties were assessed. The calculation protocol was developed based on standard IEC 61689:2007. Type A uncertainty was estimated after four repetitions of the full procedure for the determination of A_ER and R_BN, and Type B uncertainty was estimated from the mathematical model for both calculations, obtained from IEC 61689:2007 and the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. The procedure presented herein represents the state of the art regarding metrology for testing therapeutic ultrasound devices, and its application results in fundamental aspects to support their evaluation regarding quality assurance, for instance, for a certification process due safety and performance.     

AT&T准则下完全检验的最优设计(英文)

本文研究了完全检验的质量控制问题,将广泛用于X-控制图的AT＆amp;T准则应用于完全检验,并根据完全检验的特点,提出一种新的最优模型,数值实验结果表明AT＆amp;T准则下的完全检验优于传统的完全检验。     

Effects of multi-frequency ultrasound on freezing rates and quality attributes of potatoes

The effects of multi-frequency ultrasound assisted freezing on the freezing rate, microstructure, quality properties (drip loss, firmness, total calcium content, l-ascorbic acid content and total phenol content) of potatoes were studied. The results indicated that the freezing effects of multi-frequency ultrasound was better than those of single-frequency ultrasound. Multi-frequency ultrasound could significantly increase the freezing rate and preserve the quality of frozen samples better. With increase in the number of ultrasonic frequencies, the freezing effect was more obvious. In addition, scan electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the ice crystals formed by the multi-frequency ultrasonic treatment were fine and uniformly distributed, which caused less damage to the frozen potato samples. From the analysis of the quality attributes, the nutritional values of the samples after multi-frequency ultrasonic treatment was higher, but attention should be paid to the negative influence of the hydroxyl radical generated by the multi-frequency ultrasound.     

ICP-AES结合SVDV技术应用于饮用水品质检测性能诊断

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)技术,通过轴向、径向、同步垂直双向(SVDV)三个视角配置,快速检测生活饮用水样本中的As,Ba,Mg和Ni等微量元素。ICP-AES光谱仪在三个检测视角均能实现快速预热,预热时间仅需2 min,而且,ICP-AES光谱的短期稳定性和长期稳定性表现良好,其相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于2%。以3份商业瓶装饮用水和2份添加标准物的饮用水为检测的对象,利用ICP-AES技术结合SVDV视角,分别从轴向和SVDV两个视角检测As,Ba,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo,Ni,V和Zn等元素,利用水微量元素含量的国家标准来验证结果的准确性,这两个视角的检测具有较高的准确度和灵敏度。检测所得结果符合国家环境保护总局发布的饮用水微量元素限制标准,并符合国际卫生组织的标准,满足人类所需饮用水标准要求。     

Ultrasound- and microwave-assisted convective drying of carrots – Process kinetics and product’s quality analysis

The aim of these studies was to investigate the influence of airborne ultrasound-assisted convective drying and microwave-assisted convective drying, as well as their combination, on process kinetics, total color change, water activity, content of carotenoids, polyphenols and antioxidant activity of carrots (Daucus carota L.). The global model of drying kinetics based on coupled ordinary differential equations was used to describe the moisture and material temperature profiles during drying. Application of ultrasound and microwave in convective drying reduced drying time in the range of 9–81%, but the shortest drying time was observed for simultaneous action of convection, ultrasound and microwave. The results of qualitative analysis showed a product improvement due to ultrasound as compared to convective drying and microwave-convective drying. The proposed mathematical model of drying kinetics successfully simulated real drying processes. The proposed mathematical model of drying kinetics successfully simulated real hybrid drying processes.     

简析"静止液体内部压强公式验证"实验的设计策略

“静止液体内部压强公式验证”在现行教材中有两种实验方法。通过分析实验的设计策略，说明其作用、效果及操作上的困难，指出合理的与不合理诸因素，从而提出改进实验的方法，化难为易，提高实验教学效果。     

基于数值计算的斜流泵级性能改进

采用CFD数值模拟的方法对斜流泵级内部三维紊流流场进行计算,预测了其效率-流量、扬程-流量特性,并与实验结果进行了对比验证。根据得到的流场结果,通过斜流泵级水力尺寸改进-数值模拟分析的循环工作,在最终改进的斜流泵级预测流场中减少了泵内流场的漩涡运动,避免了出口回流的产生,削弱了叶顶间隙泄漏涡,提高了斜流泵级的效率,改进了能量特性,得到了斜流泵级改进前后流场与效率的对比。     

对超重、失重演示实验的改进

对传统的超重、失重演示实验进行了改进,使弹簧秤的指针能静止在超重(或失重)的位置上,从而能准确地读出读数,提高演示效果.     

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods for hydrophilicity improvement of polyethylene films at atmospheric pressure

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods were used to improve the surface hydrophilicity of polyethy- lene （PE） films, and all the modification processes were carried out by employing an atmospheric pressure plasma jet （APPJ） system. （a） PE films were directly modified by APPJ using a gas mixture of He and 02. （b） Acrylic acid （AA） was introduced into the system and a polymer acrylic acid （PAA） coating was deposited onto the PE films. （c） AA was grafted onto the PE surface activated by plasma pre-treatment. It was found that the hydrophilicity of the PE films was significantly improved for all the three methods. However, the samples modified by Process （a） showed hydrophobicity recovery after a storage time of 20 days while no significant change was found in samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c）. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） results indicated that the most intensive C=O peak was detected on the PE surface modified by Process （c）. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, the ratios of oxygen-containing polar groups for samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c） were higher than that modified by Process （a）.     

An optimal protection and restoration scheme (OPARS) for optical networks

Protection and restoration are critical network design issues for optical networks since even a single failure for a short duration may result in huge data loss due to the large capacity of optical fibers. However, few studies have been done on these issues for optical burst switching (OBS) networks. Protection and restoration are essential mechanisms for guaranteeing more reliable traffic delivery services. But it is not easy to apply existing mechanisms to optical burst switching (OBS) networks due to its one-way reservation signaling and the statistical burst multiplexing. Thus, to achieve the high transmission performance and reliability simultaneously, unique properties of OBS must be considered in the design of protection scheme. In this paper, an optimal protection and restoration scheme (OPARS) has been introduced that not only optimizes the number of provisioned protection wavelengths adaptively based on the traffic load as well as the quality of service (QoS) requirements of bursts in high speed networks but also minimizes burst loss rates. In addition, the proposed scheme has been used as an efficient contention resolution technique. The simulation results verify that the proposed scheme improve the network resource and channel utilization while guaranteeing the targeted protection reliability and QoS requirements of bursts.