精密离心机动态半径的定位测量技术研究

精密离心机动态半径是影响精密离心机输出加速度精度的主要参数。对于高精度精密离心机的研制,必须对动态半径进行精密测量,并将测量结果作为补偿分量加入到精密离心机输出加速度修正数学模型中,以获得精确的加速度信号,同时为精密离心机输出加速度的精确评定奠定基础。本文介绍了精密离心机动态半径的外基准定位测试技术,包括多个定位平台的定位测试技术论证、测试系统配置等。该方法已应用于某高精度精密离心机动态半径测量中,实测结果表明,采用这种测量方法,动态半径的测量标准差为σ=0.21μm,其测量精度满足高精度精密离心机研制的技术指标要求。     

Uncertainty functions, a compact way of summarising or specifying the behaviour of analytical systems

Analytical chemists can advantageously use an uncertainty function to describe the performance of an analytical system in terms of the standard uncertainty or standard deviation as a function of the concentration of the analyte. This “characteristic function” is useful for estimating uncertainty at a new concentration. A similar function can be used to prescribe the uncertainty that is regarded as fit for purpose for a particular application. This “fitness function” is useful in setting standards of accuracy in proficiency tests and similar exercises without revealing the concentration of the analyte. In combination, these two functions provide a rational basis for method selection.     

环境监测仪器精密度及总不确定度初探

本文以日立１８０－８０原子吸收分光光度计为例进行了仪器精密度及总不确定度实验的初步探讨，同时作出了该仪器适用性的判断。     

机翼/外挂颤振主动抑制的控制律研究

本文介绍了对机翼/外挂系统的颤振抑制控制律的研究。并用三种控制律的结果进行了风洞实验验证。结果表明:控制律的设计是成功的,理论计算与实验结果吻合良好。 文中重点介绍了两种控制律,它们都是以现代控制理论为基础。首先,把最优控制理论与颤振分析的状态空间法相结合,得到状态反馈。然后导出不同的输出反馈。文中,还讨论了该系统的阵风减缓和稳定裕度。 为对比起见,还给出了在同一模型上,用气动能量概念方法导出的控制律。由此,可看出它们在颤振抑制效益上的差异。     

液体密度测量实验改进的研究

利用电动音叉仪测量液体密度,分析原实验仪器存在的不足,对原实验装置做了改进。通过测量水的密度,结果显示改进后的实验仪器不但提高了测量的精确度,而且操作更快捷、方便。     

Accurate measurements of peak variances: importance of this accuracy in the determination of the true corrected plate heights of chromatographic columns

The true efficiency of a column is derived from the differences between the variances of the peak profiles of the same compound recorded in the presence and the absence of the chromatographic column. These variances are usually derived using one of three methods: (1) the retention time of the peak apex and its half-height width; (2) the moments of the best fit between the experimental data and a hybrid response function, e.g., an exponentially convoluted Gaussian; or (3) the exact moments of the experimental band profiles. Comparisons of the results of these methods show that the first method is always inaccurate because all the band profiles recorded are strongly tailing. The peak fit method is accurate only for 4.6mm I.D. columns operated with instruments having low extra-column volume but fails for short narrow-bore columns due to the severe tailing of peaks passing through the complex channels of the extra-column volumes and to the inaccuracies in the fit of experimental data to the selected function. Although far better, the moment method may be inaccurate when the zero dead volume union used to measure the extra-column peak variances has a higher permeability than the column, causing the upstream part of the instrument to operate under comparatively low pressures.     

ICP-AES分析铁基样品

采用标准和样品基体匹配的分析条件(1?溶液),有效克服ICP-AES分析时样品中铁基体的光谱干扰,相对标准偏差均小于5%,准确度及精确度均达到满意结果。     

土壤水分对近红外光谱实时检测土壤全氮的影响研究

利用近红外光谱技术实时预测土壤全氮含量是精细农业的研究热点之一,但是由于土壤水分在近红外波段的吸收系数较高,影响了土壤全氮含量的实时预测精度。使用布鲁克MATRIX_I傅里叶近红外光谱分析仪对不同土壤水分的土壤样本进行了近红外光谱扫描,定性和定量的分析了土壤水分对近红外光谱的影响,并提出了一种消除土壤水分对土壤全氮含量预测影响的方法。近红外光谱扫描结果显示在同一全氮含量水平下,随着土壤水分含量的增加,光谱吸光度呈逐渐上升的趋势,且变化趋势为非线性。通过对1 450和1 940 nm两个水分吸收波段的差分处理,设计了水分吸收指数MAI（moisture absorbance index）,再对土壤按照水分含量梯度进行分类,提出了相应的修正系数。修正后的6个土壤全氮特征波段处(940,1 050,1 100,1 200,1 300和1 550 nm)的土壤吸光度值作为建模自变量,使用BP神经网络建立了土壤全氮预测模型,模型的R_C,R_V,RMSEC,RMSEP和RPD分别达到了0.86,0.81,0.06,0.05和2.75;与原始吸光度所建模型相比较模型精度得到了显著提高。实验结果表明本方法可以有效地消除土壤水分对近红外光谱检测土壤全氮含量预测的影响,为土壤全氮含量实时预测提供了理论和技术支持。     

Enhancement of coping through blurring

When problem situations are imprecise, people use mental processes closer to coping than to exact, logical-deductive reasoning. We sketch new ways of explicating the process of coping. This leads to a broader definition of complexity than is generally used in computer science. We present at the essence of coping a normative model for shifting and changing focus of attention. To cope is to transform a complex situation into blurred representations that are simpler and less worrisome. The process of “thinking of” such shifts in problem-representation is also improved when the level of specificity and precision in the focus of attention varies.     

Bottom-up Solution Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons with Precisely Engineered Nanopores

The incorporation of nanopores into graphene nanostructures has been demonstrated as an efficient tool in tuning their band gaps and electronic structures. However, precisely embedding the uniform nanopores into graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) at the atomic level remains underdeveloped especially for in-solution synthesis due to the lack of efficient synthetic strategies. Herein we report the first case of solution-synthesized porous GNR ( pGNR ) with a fully conjugated backbone via the efficient Scholl reaction of tailor-made polyphenylene precursor ( P1 ) bearing pre-installed hexagonal nanopores. The resultant pGNR features periodic subnanometer pores with a uniform diameter of 0.6 nm and an adjacent-pores-distance of 1.7 nm. To solidify our design strategy, two porous model compounds ( 1 a , 1 b ) containing the same pore size as the shortcuts of pGNR , are successfully synthesized. The chemical structure and photophysical properties of pGNR are investigated by various spectroscopic analyses. Notably, the embedded periodic nanopores largely reduce the π-conjugation degree and alleviate the inter-ribbon π–π interactions, compared to the nonporous GNRs with similar widths, affording pGNR with a notably enlarged band gap and enhanced liquid-phase processability.