Assessment of accuracy and precision in speciation analysis by competitive ligand equilibration-cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-CSV) and application to Antarctic samples

The analytical performances of Competitive Ligand Equilibration with Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric detection of the labile fraction (CLE-CSV) were assessed. This speciation method enables the concentration of natural ligand(s) and their conditional stability constants for the complexation of the investigated metal to be determined through thermodynamic considerations.Literature data were discussed and general trends in the precision of the determined parameters identified: ligand concentrations were affected, on average, by a 10% relative percentage standard deviation (RSD%), whereas conditional stability constants showed much lower precision, with an average RSD% of 50%.New experimental data were collected to obtain a complete assessment of accuracy and precision attainable for the determination of strong ligands at the ultra trace level, enabling the whole protocol to be evaluated. Firstly, the side reaction coefficient alpha for the formation of the complex between the added ligand and the investigated metal (α_CuL) was determined. The method was subsequently applied to the analysis of solution containing ligand at trace levels (5-50 nM) with known complexing characteristics. Copper was used as the model metal ion and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as the model ligands. Results evidenced that the CLE-CSV protocol is not affected by systematic errors in the determination of both ligand concentration and the conditional stability constants. Good precision is obtained for ligand concentrations, with an average relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 5%; an average RSD% of 23% was calculated for the conditional stability constants. Including the contribution of the uncertainty in the value of α_CuL in the evaluation of the uncertainty in the latter parameter increased the RSD% up to 40%. The CLE-CSV protocol was subsequently applied to the detection of strong ligands in water samples collected in Antarctica: precision was shown to be comparable with literature data.     

成像光谱仪扫描镜运动准确度测量

扫描镜的运动准确度直接影响成像光谱仪对地运动补偿效果,为此研制了一套扫描镜运动准确度测试设备对其进行测量.首先分析了扫描镜的运动补偿原理,从理论上给出了运动补偿曲线;随后以15 m地面像元分辨率和系统调制传递函数下降2%作为依据分别确定了扫描镜的位置和速度准确度要求,列出了扫描镜运动补偿倍数与相对转速误差的关系.基于检定设备1/3法则提出了扫描镜运动准确度测试设备技术指标要求,接着以0.8″绝对式光电编码器为核心建立了一套扫描镜运动准确度测试装置,并从测试方法误差和编码器测角误差两方面对测试装置测角和测速准确度进行了详细分析;最后采用研制的测试装置对扫描镜的运动准确度进行了测量试验.试验结果表明扫描镜位置准确度优于3″±1.2″,4倍补偿时速度准确度为5.6%±1.29%,6倍补偿时速度准确度为3.85%±1.29%,满足成像光谱仪对扫描镜运动准确度要求.外场成像图像证明本文提出的扫描镜运动准确度测量方法及设备可用于成像光谱仪扫描镜的性能检测与验收.     

An Algorithm for Generating Individualized Treatment Decision Trees and Random Forests

With new treatments and novel technology available, precision medicine has become a key topic in the new era of healthcare. Traditional statistical methods for precision medicine focus on subgroup discovery through identifying interactions between a few markers and treatment regimes. However, given the large scale and high dimensionality of modern datasets, it is difficult to detect the interactions between treatment and high-dimensional covariates. Recently, novel approaches have emerged that seek to directly estimate individualized treatment rules (ITR) via maximizing the expected clinical reward by using, for example, support vector machines (SVM) or decision trees. The latter enjoys great popularity in clinical practice due to its interpretability. In this article, we propose a new reward function and a novel decision tree algorithm to directly maximize rewards. We further improve a single tree decision rule by an ensemble decision tree algorithm, ITR random forests. Our final decision rule is an average over single decision trees and it is a soft probability rather than a hard choice. Depending on how strong the treatment recommendation is, physicians can make decisions based on our model along with their own judgment and experience. Performance of ITR forest and tree methods is assessed through simulations along with applications to a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 1385 patients with diabetes and an EMR cohort of 5177 patients with diabetes. ITR forest and tree methods are implemented using statistical software R (https://github.com/kdoub5ha/ITR.Forest). Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Performance simulation of an adaptive optics system with liquid crystal corrector under closed-loop and open-loop control

The adaptive optics system (AOS) often operates in a discrete sampling process with finite closed-loop frequency. Reconstruction, detection, and time lag induced errors are the main correction errors of the system. An AOS that is based on a liquid crystal (LC) benefits from the LC’s high correction precision, thus the reconstruction error can be ignored. The primary error will be induced by the time lag from the time of detection to the time of compensation. In this paper, some theoretical simulations are introduced in order to evaluate the correction precision of AOS with an LC corrector. The main purpose is to compare the correction precision between the open-loop and closed-loop control. We attempt to find a method to ascertain the exact precision of the open-loop control and show whether it improves the correction precision. The conclusion is thus reached that the actual error rejection bandwidth for the closed-loop was lower than the −3 dB error rejection bandwidth measured in practice. The increased refresh frequency of the open-loop control can improve the imaging performance to nearly −3 dB bandwidth of the detector measured, which is the maximum possible bandwidth due to the time lag.     

我国城镇贫困变动及影响因素研究——基于收入分布拟合及分解模型研究

通过非参数估计理论拟合收入分布计算贫困指数,对我国2000-2005年城镇贫困的变动状况进行了研究,并在此基础上,利用收入分布的位置和形状变化分解对引起贫困变动的原因进行了深入分析.贫困变动研究表明:从全国来看,贫困的广度和深度有所改善,但贫困人口间的收入不平等有一定程度的恶化.分地区来看,东部地区相对贫困人口有所增加,中部地区贫困状况明显改善,西部地区贫困状况明显恶化.贫困变动的影响因素分析表明:经济增长使贫困状况得到改善,而收入分配的不平等部分或全部抵消了改善的效果.但对于西部地区而言,经济增长在一定程度上恶化了贫困率水平.     

FAAS极限精确度法及其在金分析中的应用

本文介绍一种在火焰原子吸收光谱分析中提高测量精确度的方法－极限精确度法及其应用实例。     

Registration of hydrogen-like leptonic bound states ( e-μ+) and ( e+μ-) in reactions of high-energy scattering of polarized electrons and positrons by nuclei with Z ～ 100 and analysis of CPT invariance

The cross-sections for the reactions of muonium (anti-muonium) production in the high-energy electron (positron) scattering by nuclei e ^-(e ⁺) + Z↦Z + M ⁰(ˉM) + μ^-(μ⁺) are calculated in dependence on energy and polarization of the initial electron (positron) and polarization of the final μ^-(μ⁺)-meson. Since this is a coherent phenomenon the cross-sections are proportional to Z². For Z ∼ 100, due to the factor Z², the cross-sections are large enough to be measured at the energies available for the HERA Collider at DESY. The results are discussed in connection with a test of CPT invariance. Received: 24 September 2002 / Accepted: 12 March 2003 / Published online: 27 May 2003     

The ACES/PHARAO space mission

Proposed in 1997, the ACES/PHARAO experiment is a space mission in fundamental physics with two atomic clocks on the International Space Station, a network of ultra-stable clocks on the ground, and space-to-ground time transfer systems. The ACES flight instruments are near completion and launch in space is planned for the first half of 2017 for a mission duration of three years. A key element of the satellite payload is a cold-atom clock designed for microgravity environment, PHARAO, operating with laser-cooled cesium atoms. Here we first report on the design and tests of the PHARAO flight model, which is now completed and ready for launch. We then briefly present the status of development of the other instruments of the ACES payload, the Space Hydrogen Maser, the microwave time-transfer system (MWL), and the laser time transfer ELT.     

直读光谱法测定超低碳钢板的碳含量

用一系列含碳量(wC)在0.002%~0.03%范围内的标准物质在直读光谱仪上按选定的工作条件测定各样品的碳量。根据所得每一样品的一系列测定值以及各项统计量,分析并判断了直读光谱法在测定钢板中超低碳含量的准确度和精密度水平。试验结果表明:1测定结果的准确度受样品的基体背景及仪器标准化条件的影响,引入了系统误差;据此建议选择与待测样品基体匹配的标准物质校准仪器并选择合理的仪器标准化条件。2在上述含碳量范围内,所得测定值的S%值(包括10次测定和5次测定的计算值)差异较小,其极值之差为3×10-4%,但对相对标准偏差有显著影响,其最低值在2%左右,而最高值达21%。3在所选定的测定条件下,对碳含量在10-5数量级的样品而言,准确度或系统误差的波动范围在±1×10-4%范围内。     

Bayesian Inference for the One-Factor Copula Model

We develop efficient Bayesian inference for the one-factor copula model with two significant contributions over existing methodologies. First, our approach leads to straightforward inference on dependence parameters and the latent factor; only inference on the former is available under frequentist alternatives. Second, we develop a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that averages over models constructed from different bivariate copula building blocks. Our approach accommodates any combination of discrete and continuous margins. Through extensive simulations, we compare the computational and Monte Carlo efficiency of alternative proposed sampling schemes. The preferred algorithm provides reliable inference on parameters, the latent factor, and model space. The potential of the methodology is highlighted in an empirical study of 10 binary measures of socio-economic deprivation collected for 11,463 East Timorese households. The importance of conducting inference on the latent factor is motivated by constructing a poverty index using estimates of the factor. Compared to a linear Gaussian factor model, our model average improves out-of-sample fit. The relationships between the poverty index and observed variables uncovered by our approach are diverse and allow for a richer and more precise understanding of the dependence between overall deprivation and individual measures of well-being.