Intellectual property—The Foundation of Innovation: A scientist's guide to intellectual property

Increasingly, the activities of the practicing scientist inextricably intersect with the business world. Science is central to the development and delivery of many goods or services, and scientific discovery can directly, or indirectly, lead to substantial revenue generation. Scientists, however, have little training in the complex issues of intellectual property (IP), and often little understanding of their rights and obligations. Here, we define IP and disuss what it means to be an inventor or creator of IP. We define and differentiate between the primary forms of IP—trade secrets, copyright, trademarks, and patents—and discuss their implementation and implications for the practicing scientist.     

Multi-swarm UPSO algorithm based on seed strategy for atomic clusters structure optimization

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is prone to get trapped in local optima and insufficient information exchange among particles. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a Multi-swarm Unified Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm based on Seed Strategy (SS-DMS-UPSO) to optimize the atomic clusters structure. In this algorithm, the population is divided into some sub-populations evolving randomly and evenly, and each sub-population uses UPSO algorithm with different unification factors to evolve independently in parallel. After a certain number of independent evolution, the particles of all sub-populations are merged into a new population, and the population is again randomly divided into average sub-populations. Iterate the algorithm repeatedly in this way. And finally the global best particle can be obtained. The experimental results show that the SS-DMS-UPSO algorithm can search for the optimal structure or extremely similar optimal structure for atomic clusters with atomic numbers between 2 and 31. For atomic clusters with atomic numbers between 32 and 35, the algorithm can find its approximate optimal structure. Compared with other algorithms, the difference between the lowest energy value and the ideal energy value obtained by the SS-DMS-UPSO algorithm is much smaller. It means that its optimal structure of the atomic clusters is closer to the stable structure, and the algorithm is more stable, which proves the effectiveness of the SS-DMS-UPSO algorithm.     

高校涉化类专业安全教育实效及提升策略研究——以天津理工大学为例

为考察高校涉化类专业安全教育实效,对天津理工大学化学化工学院670名学生进行问卷调查。问卷内容包括学生对化学专业的态度、兴趣、安全意识、安全经验、安全行为等。调查结果表明:安全意识方面,不同年级差异显著;化学恐惧和安全行为方面,不同性别差异显著;回归分析表明,安全意识/能力及化学兴趣与安全行为显著正相关。根据统计分析,提出以下提升策略:注重安全教育的持续性;关注学生心理安全;注意发挥学生的主观能动性。     

Structuring Metal–Organic Framework Materials into Hierarchically Porous Composites through One-Pot Fabrication Strategy

Controlled synthesis of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based materials with multiple levels of porous structures across different length scales is of great interest in various applications but it still remains challenging. Most of the current strategies are time consuming and labor intensive, and not readily scaled-up. In this work, we introduce a straightforward one-pot fabrication strategy to prepare a robust and flexible hierarchically macro-meso-micro porous HKUST-1/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite through solvent evaporation, in which MOF crystallization and polymer precipitation are combined together. The effect of the MOF precursor and the polymer initial amount on the morphology of the final composite was thoroughly studied. The interaction between the MOF and the polymer during the evaporation process is the key factor, which would limit the mobility of the polymer chains and cause instability in the MOF growth, thus endowing the composite with a hierarchically macro-meso-micro porous structure. This “all-in-one” porous structure could enhance the mass transport property of molecules within the composite. The obtained HKUST-1/PVDF composite showed an enhanced CO₂ adsorption rate constant of 0.821 min⁻¹ (298 K, 1 bar), which was 3.5 times higher than that of the pristine MOF. In addition, the composite showed an equivalent gas adsorption capacity under all tested pressures and greatly improved water stability.     

Near-Infrared Electroluminescence beyond 800 nm with High Efficiency and Radiance from Anthracene Cored Emitters

Derivatives based on anthryleno[1,2-b]pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile (DCPA) are used as luminescent materials, to realize near-infrared (NIR) electroluminescence. By functionalizing DCPA with aromatic amine donors, two emitters named DCPA-TPA and DCPA-BBPA are designed and synthesized. Both molecules have large dipole moments owing to the strong intramolecular charge transfer interactions between the amine donors and the DCPA acceptor. Thus, compared with doped films, the emission of neat films of DCPA-TPA and DCPA-BBPA can fully fall into the NIR region (>700 nm) with increasing surrounding polarity by increasing doping ratio. Moreover, the non-doped devices based on DCPA-TPA and DCPA-BBPA provide NIR emission with peaks at 838 and 916 nm, respectively. A maximum radiance of 20707 mW Sr⁻¹ m⁻² was realized for the further optimized device based on DCPA-TPA. This work provides a simple and efficient strategy of molecular design for developing NIR emitting materials.     

化学教学中的理性思维:内涵分析、实践缺失与设计策略*

理性思维是中国学生发展核心素养的要点之一,是化学课程落实核心素养的重要内容。理性思维的精神实质在于追求本原,是一种与直觉经验相对应的高阶认知技能,是理科教学的目标和手段。化学教学实践中理性思维的缺失集中表现在教学活动缺乏理性思维的引导,具体在教学问题、教学方式、教学方法上表现突出。为此,课堂教学活动设计中可以从认知顺序、思维方式、思维方法的运用上落实理性思维的培养。     

Optimal prevention strategies in the classical risk model

In this paper, we propose and study a first risk model in which the insurer may invest into a prevention plan which decreases claim intensity. We determine the optimal prevention investment for different risk indicators. In particular, we show that the prevention amount minimizing the ruin probability maximizes the adjustment coefficient in the classical ruin model with prevention, as well as the expected dividends until ruin in the model with dividends. We also show that the optimal prevention strategy is different if one aims at maximizing the average surplus at a fixed time horizon. A sensitivity analysis is carried out. We also prove that our results can be extended to the case where prevention starts to work only after a minimum prevention level threshold.     

Manipulation of Triplet Excited States in Two-Component Systems for High-Performance Organic Afterglow Materials

The past several years have witnessed the tremendous development of novel chemical structures, new design strategies and intriguing applications in the field of room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and organic afterglow materials. This Review article focuses on recent advancements of high-performance organic afterglow materials obtained by two-component design strategies such as a dopant-matrix, donor–acceptor, sensitization, and energy-transfer strategies. Based on some cutting-edge studies, organic afterglow efficiency has been largely improved, exceeding 90 % in several cases. Organic afterglow durations reach tens of seconds in phosphorescence systems and hours in donor–acceptor systems. Organic afterglow brightness outcompetes some inorganic afterglow materials in the first several seconds after ceasing excitation source. Organic afterglow colors cover the whole visible regions and extend to near-infrared regions with respectful afterglow efficiency. On the basis of these achievements, researchers demonstrate promising applications of organic afterglow materials in diverse fields, which has also been reviewed.     

A Rigidity/Flexibility Compatible Strategy to Improve the Stability and Durability of Flexible Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Polydimethylsiloxane Membrane Supported Prussian Blue@Carbon Nanotube Array

Mechanical fatigue and mechanical-chemical effect can harm the stability and durability of flexible electrochemical sensors and electronic devices. To solve the problem, we propose a rigidity/flexibility compatible strategy by implanting Prussian blue into the carbon nanotube array supported by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The PDMS membrane is soft and flexible, and counteracts the external force; meanwhile, Prussian Blue@Carbon Nanotube Hybrid is hard and rigid for the reliable detection of hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, the cyclic voltammetric behavior of Prussian blue keep almost constant during the continuous bending experiments. The results indicate that the rigidity/flexibility compatible strategy is instructive to improve the performance of flexible electrochemical sensors and electronic devices.     

乙二醇基冷却液污染对质子交换膜燃料电池电堆的影响及恢复措施

冷却液作为燃料电池冷却系统的热传导介质,对于燃料电池电堆的热管理非常重要。在实际应用中经常会发生冷却液泄漏进入电堆内部的情况。本文通过模拟燃料电池发动机正常工作过程中冷却液泄漏的不同情况,研究了乙二醇基冷却液泄漏污染对燃料电池电堆的性能影响。针对阴极侧乙二醇基冷却液污染后难以恢复的问题,本文提出了一种冷却液污染的恢复策略。整个污染恢复策略分为污染物氧化和污染物冲洗两个阶段,通过对比冷却液污染前和污染恢复后的性能,证实了这种冷却液污染恢复策略的有效性。