Interpolation on spherical geodesic grids: A comparative study

Most operational models in atmospheric physics, meteorology and climatology nowadays adopt spherical geodesic grids and require “ad hoc” developed interpolation procedures. The author does a comparison between chosen representatives of linear, distance-based and cubic interpolation schemes outlining their advantages and drawbacks in this specific application field. Numerical experiments on a standard test problem, while confirming a good performance of linear and distance-based schemes in a single interpolation step, also show their minor accuracy with respect to the cubic scheme in the more realistic simulation of advection of a meteorological field.     

Numerical simulation of soft palate movement and airflow in human upper airway by fluid-structure interaction method

In this paper, the authors present airflow field characteristics of human upper airway and soft palate movement attitude during breathing. On the basis of the data taken from the spiral computerized tomography images of a healthy person and a patient with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS), three-dimensional models of upper airway cavity and soft palate are reconstructed by the method of surface rendering. Numerical simulation is performed for airflow in the upper airway and displacement of soft palate by fluid-structure interaction analysis. The reconstructed three-dimensional models precisely preserve the original configuration of upper airways and soft palate. The results of the pressure and velocity distributions in the airflow field are quantitatively determined, and the displacement of soft palate is presented. Pressure gradients of airway are lower for the healthy person and the airflow distribution is quite uniform in the case of free breathing. However, the OSAHS patient remarkably escalates both the pressure and velocity in the upper airway, and causes higher displacement of the soft palate. The present study is useful in revealing pathogenesis and quantitative mutual relationship between configuration and function of the upper airway as well as in diagnosing diseases related to anatomical structure and function of the upper airway. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10672036, 10472025 and 10421002), the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (20032109). English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

Estimating tail probabilities of heavy tailed distributions with asymptotically zero relative error

Efficient estimation of tail probabilities involving heavy tailed random variables is amongst the most challenging problems in Monte-Carlo simulation. In the last few years, applied probabilists have achieved considerable success in developing efficient algorithms for some such simple but fundamental tail probabilities. Usually, unbiased importance sampling estimators of such tail probabilities are developed and it is proved that these estimators are asymptotically efficient or even possess the desirable bounded relative error property. In this paper, as an illustration, we consider a simple tail probability involving geometric sums of heavy tailed random variables. This is useful in estimating the probability of large delays in M/G/1 queues. In this setting we develop an unbiased estimator whose relative error decreases to zero asymptotically. The key idea is to decompose the probability of interest into a known dominant component and an unknown small component. Simulation then focuses on estimating the latter ‘residual’ probability. Here we show that the existing conditioning methods or importance sampling methods are not effective in estimating the residual probability while an appropriate combination of the two estimates it with bounded relative error. As a further illustration of the proposed ideas, we apply them to develop an estimator for the probability of large delays in stochastic activity networks that has an asymptotically zero relative error.      

双对数模型对模型模拟误差的放缩问题探讨

对双对数模型lg Y=a0+a1lg X1+a2lg X2+…+anlg Xn与其对应的指数模型y=c0xa11xa22…xann的模拟相对误差的关系进行了探讨,指出双对数模型具有放大和缩小指数模型相对误差的特性.对二者的关系进行了理论推导和实例验证,并给出了二者的定量关系式.     

Memory management optimization problems for integrated circuit simulators

In hardware design, it is necessary to simulate the anticipated behavior of the integrated circuit before it is actually cast in silicon. As simulation procedures are long due to the great number of tests to be performed, optimization of the simulation code is of prime importance. This paper describes two mathematical models for the minimization of the memory access times for a cycle-based simulator.An integrated circuit being viewed as a directed acyclic graph, the problem consists in building a graph order on the vertices, compatible with the relation order induced by the graph, in order to minimize a cost function that represents the memory access time. For both proposed cost functions, we show that the corresponding problems are NP-complete. However, we show that the special cases where the graphs are in-trees or out-trees can be solved in polynomial time.     

钱塘江河口弯道潮流场的数值模拟

钱塘江河口潮流错综复杂．依靠零星的实测潮流资料无法全面描述其流场特征．本文采用Dcldt3D模型对钱塘江河口闻家堰至仓前河段的潮流场进行二维数值模拟．着重研究了河口弯道的流场特性．结果表明．河口弯道流场具有跟无潮河流弯道显著不同的特性．如弯道流速向下游递增；涨、落急主流线分歧；涨、落潮流对丁坝工程的响应不同．以及下游弯道水面横比降大于上游弯道．     

各向同性湍流中颗粒引起湍流变动的直接模拟

本文通过直接数值模拟对均匀各向同性湍流中颗粒对湍流的变动作用进行了研究.颗粒相的体积分数很小而质量载荷足够大,以至于颗粒之间的相互作用可以忽略不计,而重点考虑颗粒与湍流间能量的交换。颗粒对湍流的反向作用使得湍动能的耗散率增强,以至于湍动能的衰减速率增大.湍动能的衰减速率随颗粒惯性的增大而增大。三维湍动能谱显示,颗粒对湍动能的影响在不同的尺度上是不均匀的。在低波数段,流体带动颗粒,而高波数段则相反.     

外加磁场微波等离子推力器内流场数值模拟

为了提高微波等离子推力器性能，改善等离子体对电磁波能量的吸收状况，提高核心区温度，提出外加磁场的方案，并对热等离子体进行了数值模拟.假设局域热平衡条件，采用Navier-Stokes，Maxwell和Saha方程，利用压力修正的半隐格式和时域有限差分求解方法，建立了径向磁镜场下推力器内等离子体流场的数值计算模型.数值模拟结果表明：外加磁场后的磁感应强度小于0.5 T时，推力器内热等离子体核心区最高温度随磁感应强度的增加而迅速提高.外加磁场后的磁感应强度大于0.5 T时，核心区最高温度随磁感应强度的增加而缓慢提高.磁感应强度为0.5 T时，热等离子体核心区最高温度与不加磁场相比提高了24%.外加磁场对等离子体流场速度分布影响不大. 关键词： 等离子体模拟 等离子体相互作用 等离子体流动     

透镜初级球差的横向剪切干涉条纹研究

利用玻璃平行平板构成简单的横向剪切干涉仪可以观察到单薄透镜形成的准直光束的剪切干涉条纹,由干涉条纹分布求出对应的几何像差和离焦量.用焦距为190 mm的单薄透镜做实验,实验结果与计算机模拟结果符合,说明可以从剪切干涉条纹的分布求出透镜的轴向调整误差和初级球差.     

自由曲面光学虚拟制造与检测系统的探讨

自由曲面光学产品设计、制造与检测的工艺流程，通常采取试凑法逐次逼近。由于加工 检测 再加工，循环往复，既费时，成本又高，产生了瓶颈问题。为了解决此弊端，本文运用虚拟制造技术，提出光学虚拟制造的基本构想，即虚拟制造系统结构模型，给出光学系统虚拟原型的构成和光学系统成像质量虚拟检测系统的构成，讨论光学成像质量的仿真检测以及敏度分析方法。研究结果表明：运用虚拟制造与检测技术，可缩短研发周期，降低成本，优化工艺并提高产品质量。