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51.
采用溶剂热法在二乙二醇溶液中制备了珊瑚状的金红石二氧化钛(Rut-dg)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表明样品呈均匀分散的球形颗粒,直径约为1μm,表面具有珊瑚状的突起结构,半径约10 nm。氮气吸附-脱附结果表明样品比表面达到228 m2·g-1,是商品金红石的7倍多。由于其特殊的形貌,Rut-dg在紫外光下的催化产氢量达到25 000μmol·g-1·h-1,比P25高出50%,是商品金红石活性的13倍。在可见光下的产氢量为270μmol·g-1·h-1,而P25和商品金红石则没有明显活性。进一步实验表明,Rut-dg样品表面检测不到可能引起活性增加的有机杂质存在,因此,珊瑚状的形貌是影响活性的重要因素。样品在300℃焙烧后,珊瑚状表面结构明显烧结,比表面下降了50%,导致产氢量下降了15%～25%,这也说明珊瑚状结构大大促进了光催化产氢活性的提高。 相似文献
52.
Graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based heterostrutures has attracted intensive attention due to their prominent photocatalytic performance. Here, we explore the g-C3N4/SnS2 coupling effect on the electronic structures and optical absorption of the proposed g-C3N4/SnS2 heterostructure through performing extensive hybrid functional calculations. The obtained geometric structure, band structures, band edge positions and optical absorptions clearly reveal that the g-C3N4 monolayer weakly couples to SnS2 sheet, and forms a typical van der Waals heterojunction. The g-C3N4/SnS2 heterostructure can effectively harvest visible light, and its valence band maximum and conduction band minimum locate in energetically favorable positions for both water oxidation and reduction reactions. Remarkably, the charge transfer from the g-C3N4 monolayer to SnS2 sheet leads to the built-in interface polarized electric field, which is desirable for the photogenerated carrier separation. The built-in interface polarized electric field as well as the nice band edge alignment implys that the g-C3N4/SnS2 heterostructure is a promising g-C3N4 based water splitting photocatalyst with good performance. 相似文献
53.
The different Zeeman beam‐splitting effects in neutron reflectivity experiments in reflection and refraction are discussed. Different possible representations of the experimental Zeeman splitting data in various coordinate systems are investigated. Some of these representations are useful to unambiguously identify the off‐specular splitting arising from Zeeman energy and discriminate it from the usual diffuse scattering. Some representations are more suited for the direct extraction of quantitative information about the systems by using the Zeeman splitting effect. The Zeeman splitting can thus be used as a tool rather than being treated as a parasitic effect. Parameters such as the optical and magnetic potentials of buried layers can be directly extracted. The magnetic induction in demagnetized samples can also be probed. These representative characteristics are illustrated by experimental data measured on different systems. In thick AlSiFe films (20 µm), the magnetic induction is determined at the top and bottom interfaces. In thin Co layers (250 nm), the magnetic induction of ferromagnetic domains in the demagnetized state is evaluated. 相似文献
54.
Mei‐Jiau Huang 《国际流体数值方法杂志》2005,48(5):521-539
The technique of splitting a fat vortex element (with a core width larger than some threshold) into some thin ones in order to fix the convergence problem of the core‐spreading vortex methods is convenient and efficient. In particular, it keeps the method purely Lagrangian. In the present investigation, the splitting process is further viewed as part of the physical diffusion process. A new splitting method in which several weaker child vortices surround a thinned but still strong parent vortex is proposed. It is found that because of the survival of the parent vortex, the error arising from the splitting events can be largely reduced. The computational amount on the other hand is kept reasonably large by merging similar and close‐by vortices. The merging scheme designed herein not only involves fewer restrictions but also allows merging vortices of opposite rotations through the viewpoint of remeshing. The validity and accuracy of these techniques, proposed particularly for simulations undergoing lots of splitting and merging events, are verified by successfully simulating the interactions between two Burgers vortices under an external straining field. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
55.
The gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow is the most general in multiphase mixed transportation. It is significant to exactly solve the coupling hydraulic transient problems of this type of multiphase mixed flow in pipelines. Presently, the method of characteristics is widely used to solve classical hydraulic transient problems. However, when it is used to solve coupling hydraulic transient problems, excessive interpolation errors may be introduced into the results due to unavoidable multiwave interpolated calculations. To deal with the problem, a finite difference scheme based on the Steger-Warming flux vector splitting is proposed. A flux vector splitting scheme is established for the coupling hydraulic transient model of gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow in the pipelines. The flux subvectors are then discretized by the Lax-Wendroff central difference scheme and the Warming-Beam upwind difference scheme with second-order precision in both time and space. Under the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions and the corresponding boundary conditions, an effective solution to those points located at the boundaries is developed, which can avoid the problem beyond the calculation region directly induced by the second-order discrete technique. Numerical and experimental verifications indicate that the proposed scheme has several desirable advantages including high calculation precision, excellent shock wave capture capability without false numerical oscillation, low sensitivity to the Courant number, and good stability. 相似文献
56.
Guohua Tu Xiaohui Zhao Meiliang Mao Jianqiang Chen Xiaogang Deng Huayong Liu 《International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics》2014,28(5):171-186
The construction of Euler fluxes is an important step in shock-capturing/upwind schemes. It is well known that unsuitable fluxes are responsible for many shock anomalies, such as the carbuncle phenomenon. Three kinds of flux vector splittings (FVSs) as well as three kinds of flux difference splittings (FDSs) are evaluated for the shock instability by a fifth-order weighted compact nonlinear scheme. The three FVSs are Steger–Warming splitting, van Leer splitting and kinetic flux vector splitting (KFVS). The three FDSs are Roe's splitting, advection upstream splitting method (AUSM) type splitting and Harten–Lax–van Leer (HLL) type splitting. Numerical results indicate that FVSs and high dissipative FDSs undergo a relative lower risk on the shock instability than that of low dissipative FDSs. However, none of the fluxes evaluated in the present study can entirely avoid the shock instability. Generally, the shock instability may be caused by any of the following factors: low dissipation, high Mach number, unsuitable grid distribution, large grid aspect ratio, and the relative shock-internal flow state (or position) between upstream and downstream shock waves. It comes out that the most important factor is the relative shock-internal state. If the shock-internal state is closer to the downstream state, the computation is at higher susceptibility to the shock instability. Wall-normal grid distribution has a greater influence on the shock instability than wall-azimuthal grid distribution because wall-normal grids directly impact on the shock-internal position. High shock intensity poses a high risk on the shock instability, but its influence is not as much as the shock-internal state. Large grid aspect ratio is also a source of the shock instability. Some results of a second-order scheme and a first-order scheme are also given. The comparison between the high-order scheme and the two low-order schemes indicates that high-order schemes are at a higher risk of the shock instability. Adding an entropy fix is very helpful in suppressing the shock instability for the two low-order schemes. When the high-order scheme is used, the entropy fix still works well for Roe's flux, but its effect on the Steger–Warming flux is trivial and not much clear. 相似文献
57.
用分离式Hopkinson压杆对多种聚苯乙烯(expanded polystyrene,EPS)体积含量的EPS混凝土试样进行了动态劈裂实验。提出了描述EPS混凝土劈裂强度与应力率关系的经验公式,该式同时适合于静态和动态应力率,并根据实验结果拟合了系数。分析了EPS含量、粒径大小对劈裂强度和动态增强因数的影响,发现碳纤维能有效提高EPS混凝土的动态劈裂强度,尤其对于小EPS粒径混凝土。此外,还研究了试样的能量耗散随应力率的变化规律,EPS含量增加时,试样的能量耗散随应力率的增加而增加,反应出EPS颗粒具有增韧和吸能效果。 相似文献
58.
This study extends the upstream flux‐splitting finite‐volume (UFF) scheme to shallow water equations with source terms. Coupling the hydrostatic reconstruction method (HRM) with the UFF scheme achieves a resultant numerical scheme that adequately balances flux gradients and source terms. The proposed scheme is validated in three benchmark problems and applied to flood flows in the natural/irregular river with bridge pier obstructions. The results of the simulations are in satisfactory agreement with the available analytical solutions, experimental data and field measurements. Comparisons of the present results with those obtained by the surface gradient method (SGM) demonstrate the superior stability and higher accuracy of the HRM. The stability test results also show that the HRM requires less CPU time (up to 60%) than the SGM. The proposed well‐balanced UFF scheme is accurate, stable and efficient to solve flow problems involving irregular bed topography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
59.
Yuri N. Skiba 《国际流体数值方法杂志》2015,78(5):257-282
A numerical algorithm for the solution of advection–diffusion equation on the surface of a sphere is suggested. The velocity field on a sphere is assumed to be known and non‐divergent. The discretization of advection–diffusion equation in space is carried out with the help of the finite volume method, and the Gauss theorem is applied to each grid cell. For the discretization in time, the symmetrized double‐cycle componentwise splitting method and the Crank–Nicolson scheme are used. The numerical scheme is of second order approximation in space and time, correctly describes the balance of mass of substance in the forced and dissipative discrete system and is unconditionally stable. In the absence of external forcing and dissipation, the total mass and L2‐norm of solution of discrete system is conserved in time. The one‐dimensional periodic problems arising at splitting in the longitudinal direction are solved with Sherman–Morrison's formula and Thomas's algorithm. The one‐dimensional problems arising at splitting in the latitudinal direction are solved by the bordering method that requires a prior determination of the solution at the poles. The resulting linear systems have tridiagonal matrices and are solved by Thomas's algorithm. The suggested method is direct (without iterations) and rapid in realization. It can also be applied to linear and nonlinear diffusion problems, some elliptic problems and adjoint advection–diffusion problems on a sphere. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
60.
This paper presents an operator‐splitting method (OSM) for the solution of the universal Reynolds equation. Jakobsson–Floberg–Olsson (JFO) pressure conditions are used to study cavitation in liquid‐lubricated journal bearings. The shear flow component of the oil film is first solved by a modified upwind finite difference method. The solution of the pressure gradient flow component is computed by the Galerkin finite element method. Present OSM solutions for slider bearings are in good agreement with available analytical and experimental results. OSM is then applied to herringbone grooved journal bearings. The film pressure, cavitation areas, load capacity and attitude angle are obtained with JFO pressure conditions. The calculated load capacities are in agreement with available experimental data. However, a detailed comparison of the present results with those predicted using Reynolds pressure conditions shows some differences. The numerical results showed that the load capacity and the critical mass of the journal (linear stability indicator) are higher and the attitude angle is lower than those predicted by Reynolds pressure conditions for cases of high eccentricities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献