亚硫酸氢钠溶液稳定性的探讨

从溶液的酸度、空气及光照、温度等因素对亚硫酸氢钠溶液的稳定性及滴定反应进行实验探讨,选择三乙醇胺(TEA)、甲醛、二乙胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)、盐酸羟胺四种常用的螯合剂或强还原剂进行试验,结果表明EDTA-2Na作为溶液的稳定剂效果最好,其次是甲醛,最后是盐酸羟胺。TEA因为其强碱性会降低溶液的稳定性而不宜作为稳定剂。     

磷酸盐缓冲溶液对邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法测定羟基自由基的影响

考察了不同浓度、不同体积的pH=7.4磷酸盐缓冲溶液对邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法检测羟基自由基体系的影响.将pH=7.4,浓度分别为0.1,0.15和0.2mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液加入邻二氮菲-Fe2+体系中,随着各自缓冲溶液加入量的增加,其ΔA536不断减小,当加入量超过3mL时,ΔA536基本保持不变.采用抗坏血酸清除含有不同浓度磷酸盐缓冲溶液的邻二氮菲-Fe2+体系,实验结果表明,缓冲溶液浓度和加入量的不同,对于测定体系中清除羟基自由基的作用结果有影响.因此,邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法测定羟基自由基需明确体系中磷酸盐缓冲溶液的浓度及用量,在明确的统一体系中,才能进行有效的比较.     

基于海水淡化的正渗透膜分离技术的发展

近年来,水资源危机日益加重。在海水淡化技术中,与反渗透分离技术相比,正渗透分离技术作为一种低能耗、绿色的解决方案,具有明显优势,在国际上得到了广泛的重视,是膜分离技术的研究热点之一。本文从正渗透膜材料结构与性能关系的角度,对膜材料的最新进展进行了综述,同时分析了汲取液的常见类型,并简述了正渗透分离技术的新应用,展望了其未来的发展前景。     

氢氧化锰共沉淀分离-催化极谱法测定土壤中有效钼

土壤样品中有效钼用草酸铵-草酸混合溶液(pH 3.3)振摇提取,所得悬浮液用干滤纸过滤,分取部分滤液蒸缩体积后加入10 g.L-1酸性高锰酸钾溶液并蒸发至近干,趁热加0.25 mol.L-1氢氧化钠溶液进行共沉淀分离。分取部分上清液,用硫酸(1+1)溶液酸化后加入混合底液(其中含有二苯基乙醇酸、二苯胍及氯酸钠)及少许钛铁试剂溶液作为与钼(Ⅵ)进行催化反应的试剂体系。用JP-303极谱仪进行测定。在-220 mV峰电位处测得的峰电流值与其相应的钼(Ⅵ)的质量浓度在0.8～20μg.L-1范围内呈线性关系。此方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.002 6μg.g-1。用此方法分析了5个土壤标准物质,所测得有效钼的含量与其认定值相符。     

低浓度HPAM/AlCit交联聚合物溶液性质研究

采用粘度法、扫描电镜（SEM）、核孔膜过滤、动态光散射（DLS）和27Al NMR法，研究了高分子量低浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）与柠檬酸铝（AlCit）体系交联反应过程溶液性质变化.结果表明，HPAM与AlCit反应在低剪切速率时体系粘度随反应进行而降低，在剪切速率较高时具有剪切稠化现象，HPAM与AlCit反应过程中交联态Al的自旋 晶格弛豫时间随反应进行变短.低浓度的HPAM与AlCit发生分子内交联反应形成交联聚合物线团（LPC）在水中的分散体系，即交联聚合物溶液（LPS）.交联聚合物溶液中LPC的平均流体力学半径约为238 nm，其形态接近球形，具有多分散性. LPS对1.2 μm核孔膜的封堵程度与其反应时间有关.     

光照对高铁酸盐溶液稳定性的影响

The effects of light wave on the stability of fen'ate solution have been examined. The results showed that UV-light accelerates the decomposition of ferrate with decomposition rate 1.6 times as much as that in dark whereas infrared light has only unclear effect on the stability of ferrate, with decomposition rate 1.1 times as much as in dark. The polythene container is found to the best for preservation of ferrate solution in dark.     

Ce0.6Zr0.35Y0.05O2和Pr0.6Zr0.35Y0.05O2催化剂表面上CO氧化和18O-16O交换反应的研究

测定了在Ce0.6Zr0.4O2,Ce0.6Zr0.35Y0.05O2,Pr0.6Zr0.4O2和Pr0.6Zr0.35Y0.05O2 (分别表示为CZ,CYZ,PZ和PYZ)样品表面上的CO氧化反应和18O-16O 同位素交换反应.结果表明: 在CZ和PZ系列固熔中掺杂Y3 离子可以改善晶格氧的迁移速度;PZ和PZY的晶格氧比CZ 和CZY 的晶格氧具有更高的氧化反应活性.其原因是将Y3 掺杂到Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 或Pr0.6Zr0.4O2晶格中,增加了样品的氧空位浓度,从而提高了晶格氧的迁移性质,而PrOx比CeO2具有更低温度的氧化还原性质,因此PZ和PZY的晶格氧比CZ 和CZY 的晶格氧具有更高的氧化反应活性.     

Syntheses and characterizations of poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]–poly(propylene oxide)–poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] ABA triblock copolymers

A novel, near‐monodisperse, well‐defined ABA triblock copolymer, poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐b‐poly(propylene oxide)‐b‐poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate], was synthesized via oxyanion‐initiated polymerization. The initiator was a telechelic‐type potassium alcoholate prepared from poly(propylene glycol) and KH in dry tetrahydrofuran. The copolymers produced were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, ¹H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC and ¹H NMR analyses showed that the products obtained were the desired copolymers, with narrow molecular weight distributions (ca. 1.09–1.11) very close to that of the original poly(propylene glycol). ¹H NMR, surface tension measurements, and dynamic light scattering all indicated that the triblock copolymer led to interesting aqueous solution behaviors, including temperature‐induced micellization and very high surface activity. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 624–631, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10144     

Preparation of water‐soluble,syndiotacticity‐rich,low molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) microfibrils in high yields with the low‐temperature polymerization of vinyl pivalate in tetrahydrofuran and saponification

To prepare water‐soluble, syndiotacticity‐rich poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microfibrils for various industrial applications, we synthesized syndiotacticity‐rich, low molecular weight PVA by the solution polymerization of vinyl pivalate (VPi) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at low temperatures with 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN) as an initiator and successive saponification of poly(vinyl pivalate) (PVPi). Effects of the initiator and monomer concentrations and the polymerization temperature were investigated in terms of the polymerization behaviors and molecular structures of PVPi and the corresponding syndiotacticity‐rich PVA. The polymerization rate of VPi in THF was proportional to the 0.91 power of the ADMVN concentration, indicating the heterogeneous nature of THF polymerization. The low‐temperature solution polymerization of VPi in THF with ADMVN proved to be successful in obtaining water‐soluble PVA with a number‐average degree of polymerization (P_n) of 300–900, a syndiotactic dyad content of 60–63%, and an ultimate conversion of VPi into PVPi of over 75%. Despite the low molecular weight of PVA with P_n = 800, water‐soluble PVA microfibrillar fibers were prepared because of the high level of syndiotacticity. In contrast, for PVA with P_n = 330, shapeless and globular morphologies were observed, indicating that molecular weight has an important role in the in situ fibrillation of syndiotacticity‐rich PVA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1103–1111, 2002     

Structure and dynamics of solutions of a polystyrene–polybutadiene pentablock copolymer in a styrene‐selective solvent

We have examined solutions of a polystyrene–polybutadiene pentablock copolymer in 1,4‐dioxane, a slightly selective solvent for polystyrene and a θ solvent for polybutadiene, with static light scattering (SLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS data have been analyzed with the Percus–Yevick model to represent the scattering from interacting cores, approximated as hard spheres, and with a Lorentzian function to represent the scattering from unassociated and associated polymer chains. The SANS data at 25 °C clearly reveal interacting domains, approximately 6 nm in radius, formed by the association of the insoluble polybutadiene block in the 20% sample. The 4% sample does not show such domains, whereas the 7% sample represents an intermediate situation, with both unassociated polymer and associated polymer. At higher temperatures, the domains dissolve. The DLS data for samples with concentrations of 2–22% show two diffusive modes: a fast mode corresponding to the cooperative dynamics of concentration fluctuations and a slow mode corresponding to the diffusion of clusters. The large length‐scale heterogeneities, indicated by the strong angular dependence of SLS, implies that the small microdomains of about 10–15 polybutadiene blocks are bridged by the polystyrene chains, forming large aggregates with randomly distributed crosslinks on length scales much larger than the domain size. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2807–2816, 2002