Orthogonal chain length control in calix[5]arene-based AB-type supramolecular polymers

New AB-type supramolecular polymers have been prepared by acid-promoted self-assembly of an aminododecyloxy-calix[5]arene monomer precursor. The number-average degree of polymerization has been found to be dependent on the concentration of the salt monomer and on the nature of the counterion (i.e., chloride, picrate or hexafluorophosphate).Chain-length regulation experiments have been carried out, employing orthogonal chain stoppers capable of selectively interacting with a given moiety of the AB-type monomer/polymer. Competitive calix[5]arene ‘caps’ and n-butylammonium ion ‘plugs’ have been used to control the extent of self-assembly of the polymer, in turn interacting with the ammoniumdodecyloxy or with the cavity end-groups of the supramolecular calixarene assembly. These experiments, conveniently carried out at a 10 mM concentration, can be easily followed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.     

Investigation on novel thermoplastic poly(urethane-thiourea-imide)s with enhanced chemical and heat resistance

A new generation of segmented thermoplastic poly(urethane-thiourea-imide)s (PUTIs) was synthesized via reaction of polyethylene glycol and thiourea-based prepolymer with dianhydride as chain extenders. NCO-terminated prepolymer was synthesized from a new diisocyanate, 3-(3-((4-isocyanatophenyl)carbamoyl)thioureido)phenyl-4-isocyanatophenylcarbamate (IPCT), as a hard segment and PEG forming soft segment. The starting materials and polymers were characterized by conventional methods and physical properties such as solubility, solution viscosity, molecular weight, thermal stability and thermal behavior were studied. PUTIs showed partially crystalline structures. Weight average molecular weights of PUTIs (GPC measurements) were in the range of 1,68,694-1,97,035. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis indicated that poly(urethane-thiourea-imide)s were fairly stable above 500 °C having T₁₀ of 521-543 °C. Investigation of the results authenticated the approach of introducing thiourea (using IPCT) and imide structure in polyurethanes for the improvement of thermal stability. In comparison to typical polyurethanes, these polymers exhibited better heat resistance, chemical resistance as well as processability.     

Degradation studies on segmented polyurethanes prepared with poly (d, l-lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and different chain extenders

In order to investigate the effect of different chain extenders on degradation properties of segmented polyurethanes (SPUs), three types of segmented polyurethanes (SPU-P, SPU-O and SPU-A) based on poly (d, l-lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were synthesized with three chain extenders: peperazine (PP), 1, 4-butanediol (BDO) and 1, 4-butanediamine (BDA), respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis, activation energy and in vitro degradation were used to characterize the obtained polymers, quantitatively. The results revealed that chain extender played an important role in thermal degradation and biodegradation of polyurethanes. Thermogravimetric analysis and activation energy demonstrated that SPU-O, SPU-P and SPU-A presented best, second and weakest thermostability, respectively, and the thermal degradation mechanism of three SPUs was the same and regarded as a two-stage degradation. Data of hydrolytic degradation of the polymers during 12 weeks indicated that the in vitro degradation stability of SPU-A and SPU-P was similar, but both were better than that of SPU-O. The reason for the differences among three types of SPUs was discussed in this paper.     

Properties of graphical regression models for multidimensional categorical data

We propose a two-component graphical chain model, the discrete regression distribution, where a set of discrete random variables is modeled as a response to a set of categorical and continuous covariates. The proposed model is useful for modeling a set of discrete variables measured at multiple sites along with a set of continuous and/or discrete covariates. The proposed model allows for joint examination of the dependence structure of the discrete response and observed covariates and also accommodates site-to-site variability. We develop the graphical model properties and theoretical justifications of this model. Our model has several advantages over the traditional logistic normal model used to analyze similar compositional data, including site-specific random effect terms and the incorporation of discrete and continuous covariates.     

汶川震区文家沟泥石流成灾机理与特征

文家沟位于绵竹市清平乡,属于 5 ·12 汶川Ms8.0级地震极重灾区。地震发生后的3个汛期内,文家沟曾先后发生5次典型泥石流灾害,其中以2010年8月13日泥石流灾害最为严重,规模与灾情巨大,社会影响深远。在对文家沟泥石流跟踪调查的基础上,探讨了泥石流的成灾机理和特征。研究表明:(1)文家沟泥石流是地震和强降雨共同作用的结果,其成因可归纳为震因与物源以及雨因与水源两个方面,在整个泥石流形成和发生的过程中,呈现出洪流-侵蚀下切-崩滑-席卷-进一步侵蚀下切-进一步崩滑-增大泥石流规模—……的"滚雪球式"循环过程; (2)泥石流发生所需的雨量、雨强条件和水动力条件都显著降低,泥石流规模和雨量之间呈现出明显幂函数关系; (3)发生过程呈现出持续时间长、运动距离远的特征; (4)成灾过程呈现出明显的链式效应,危害形式多样; (5)泥石流频率呈现出高发性,规模呈现出放大性。最后提出了文家沟泥石流研究与防治的建议。     

Two chain rules for divided differences and Faà di Bruno's formula

In this paper we derive two formulas for divided differences of a function of a function. Both formulas lead to other divided difference formulas, such as reciprocal and quotient rules. The two formulas can also be used to derive Faà di Bruno's formula and other formulas for higher derivatives of composite functions. We also derive a divided difference version of Faà di Bruno's determinant formula.

     

Syntheses, crystal structures and characterizations of new zinc (II) and lead (II) carboxylate-phosphonates

The syntheses, crystal structures and characterizations of two new divalent metal carboxylate-phosphonates, namely, Zn(H₃L)·2H₂O (1) and Pb(H₃L)(H₂O)₂ (2) (H₅L4-HO₂C–C₆H₄–CH₂N(CH₂PO₃H₂)₂₎ have been reported. Compound 1 features a 1D column structure in which the Zn(II) ions are tetrahedrally coordinated by four phosphonate oxygen atoms from four phosphonate ligands, and neighboring such 1D building blocks are further interconnected via hydrogen bonds into a 3D network. The carboxylate group of H₃L anion remains non-coordinated. Compound 2 has a 2D layer structure. Pb(II) ion is 7-coordinated by four phosphonate oxygen atoms from four phosphonate ligands and three aqua ligands. The interconnection of Pb(II) ions via bridging H₃L anions results in a 001 layer. The carboxylate group of the H₃L anion also remains non-coordinated and is oriented toward the interlayer space. Solid state luminescent spectrum of compound 1 exhibits a strong broad blue fluorescent emission band at 455 nm under excitation at 365 nm at room temperature.     

基于Petri Net的需求流动网组建模型及其稳定性分析

针对供应链概念不足,提出需求流动网概念,并论述了需求流动网概念模型,运用Petri网理论建立需求流动网模型,并对模型进行了分析,随后在分析需求流动网稳定性内涵的基础上,进一步运用Petri网理论分析了需求流动网稳定性,并最终得出了相应结论.     

Notes on a new chain condition for prime ideals

A chain condition intermediate to the catenary property and the chain condition for prime ideals (c.c.) is studied. Like the c.c., the condition is inherited from a semi-local domain R by integral extension domains, by local quotient domains, and by factor domains, and a semi-local ring that satisfies the condition is catenary. (Unlike the c.c., none of these statements is true when R is not semi-local.) A number of characterizations of a semi-local domain that satisfies the condition are given in terms of: integral (respectively, algebraic, transcendental) extension domains, Henselizations, completions, Rees rings, associated graded rings and certain discrete valuation over-rings. Then four of the catenary chain conjectures are characterized in terms of this condition.     

Markov chains with replacement

The following modification of a general state space discrete-time Markov chain is considered: certain transitions are supposed “forbidden” and the chain evolves until there is such a transition. At this instant the value of the chain is “replaced” according to a given rule, and, starting from the new value, the chain evolves normally until there is a forbidden transition again; the cycle is then repeated. The relationship of this modified process to the original one is studied in general terms, with particular emphasis being given to invariant measures. Examples are given which illustrate the results obtained.