红外光谱探究常见污染气体对丝织品结构的影响

丝织品是由丝蛋白质组成,高温、高湿及污染物等因素会使其结构发生变化。为了科学地评估博物馆中污染气体对丝织品结构的影响,采取人工模拟实验制备二氧化氮、二氧化硫、乙酸和氨气常见博物馆污染气体环境,利用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）从丝蛋白质肽链结构、二级结构等方面探讨4种污染气体对丝织品蛋白质结构的影响。实验结果表明,二氧化氮老化30 h后样品的红外光谱在1 382 cm-1波数附近出现甲基对称变角振动吸收峰,而其他气体老化50 d的丝织品仍未产生甲基对称变角振动,说明二氧化氮对丝织品破坏最严重。所有污染气体老化后,样品的红外光谱在975和999 cm-1丝蛋白-Gly-Ala-和-Gly-Gly-肽链（一级）结构特征吸收峰处均有不同程度减弱,但碱性气体氨气较酸性气体减弱更明显。傅里叶红外光谱技术结合酰胺Ⅲ带（1 330～1 200 cm-1）去卷积和高斯拟合法研究表明,50 d氨老化后仅引起丝蛋白质非结晶区的轻微变化,α-螺旋、无规卷曲、β-折叠含量变化幅度较小,丝蛋白二级结构变化较小。相比而言,酸性气体对丝蛋白二级结构影响更加显著,出现β-折叠相对含量大幅降低、无规卷曲相对含量明显增加,其结晶区遭受严重破坏。在4种气体中,二氧化氮对丝织品二级结构影响最显著,老化30 h后β-折叠相对含量由原始值30.36%降低至18.12%,约降低40%。相应的二氧化氮对丝织品强度破坏最严重,在β-折叠含量降低的同时,材料的力学强度出现了显著降低。利用波数在1 700和1 640 cm-1红外光谱吸收峰的比值（A_{1 700/1 640}）和波数在1 620和1 514 cm-1红外光谱吸收峰的比值（A_{1 620/1 514}）判断样品的老化方式,实验结果表明二氧化氮、二氧化硫、氨气老化样品的方式主要为氧化老化,而乙酸老化的样品则发生氧化老化和水解老化两种老化方式。随着老化时间的延长,4种气体中二氧化氮老化样品的A_{1 620/1 514}比值增加最多、氧化最严重。推断与二氧化氮的强氧化性有关,也与二氧化氮使丝织品产生显著的甲基对称变角振动有关。建议博物馆应严格监测和控制二氧化氮气体浓度。该研究为制定合理的丝织品文物存放环境提供科学依据,对丝织品文物的保护具有重要意义。     

长江经济带与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易地区结构的实证研究

利用贸易额的绝对值和指数实证分析了长江经济带与“一带一路”沿线国家的贸易地区结构. 结果表明: 长江经济带与“一带一路”沿线国家的贸易过于集中, 且进出口贸易的整体地区结构和主要10个国家的内部地区结构均有所优化, 但不甚明显, 其中出口的整体地区结构更为分散, 进口的内部地区结构更为均匀. 最后基于分析结果, 为促进长江经济带与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易地区结构合理化发展提出了建议.     

Rough terrain profiling using digital image correlation

Road profiling is an important aspect of vehicle dynamics simulations especially over rough terrains. The accurate measurement of rough terrains allows for more accurate multi body simulations. Three dimensional road profiles are usually performed by utilising a line scan sensor which measures several points lateral to the road. The sensors range from simple road following wheels to LiDAR sensors. The obtained line scans are longitudinally stitched together using the orientation and position of the sensor to obtain a full three dimensional road profile. The sensor’s position and orientation therefore needs to be accurately determined in order to combine the line scans to create an accurate representation of the terrain. The sensor’s position and orientation is normally measured using an expensive inertial measurement unit or Inertial Navigation System (INS) with high sensitivity, low noise and low drift. This paper proposes a road profiling technique which utilises stereography, based on two inexpensive digital cameras, to obtain three-dimensional measurements of the road. The system negates the use of an expensive INS system to determine orientation and position. The data sets also require subsampling which can be computationally expensive. A simple subsampling routine is presented which takes advantage of the structure of the data sets to significantly speed up the process.     

仿丝素纤维的研究进展

简要回顾了外观和形态仿蚕丝发展技术,重点分析了结构仿蚕丝丝素的国内外研究现状,探讨了结构与功能仿丝素纤维的途径、方法和存在的困难,包括丝素再生、聚氨基酸合成、聚氨基酸与非肽片段共聚物合成、基因工程法仿丝素蛋白质的合成及其纤维化等.基于天然大分子蚕丝丝素与合成高聚物聚氨酯同时具有类似的酰胺链结构和微相分离的聚集态结构,提出了以含有丝素特征寡肽片段的特殊聚氨酯仿丝素纤维的可行性构想,以期有助于蚕丝合纤化.     

Community responses to road traffic noise in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Vietnam is a developing country in southeast Asia, and its environment has been seriously affected by industrialization and urbanization. In large cities like Hanoi (northern Vietnam) and Ho Chi Minh City (southern Vietnam), noise emission from road traffic has been found to be a serious concern among general public. In 2005 and 2007, two large-scale socio-acoustic surveys of community response to road traffic noise were conducted to investigate human reactions to road traffic noise in these cities; the sample sizes were 1503 people in Hanoi and 1471 in Ho Chi Minh City. The noise exposure levels (L_den) were 70–83 dB in Hanoi and 75–83 dB in Ho Chi Minh City. Noise annoyance was estimated using standardized annoyance scales. For both cities, dose–response relationships were established between L_den and the percentage of highly annoyed respondents. Compared to annoyance responses of European people, Vietnamese were less annoyed by road traffic noise by about 5 dB. Hanoi respondents seemed to be more annoyed by noise than Ho Chi Minh City respondents. Conversation and sleep disturbances were not as serious as expected in either city. Furthermore, window orientation in the home was found to affect activity disturbances.     

Air-related mechanisms of noise generation by solid rubber tyres with cavities

There are four main air-related noise generation mechanisms at the tyre/road interface, which were all categorised more than 20 years ago. The first one is the so-called ‘air pumping’ mechanism. Two other air-related phenomena that occur when there are air movements near the contact patch of the tyre are ‘air resonant radiation’ and ‘pipe resonances’ which appear at the footprint of the tyre. In addition to these, there is a forth effect, which is mentioned in the literature, that is occurring due to turbulence effects of the air surrounding the spinning tyre. There has been less focus on the air-related mechanisms than on other types of tyre noise generation mechanisms. This paper attempts to add some detail to current understanding of the air-related noise generation at the tyre road interface and gives some further information on how to identify the differences due to these mechanisms. Specifically in the present paper, a solid rubber tyre running on a vehicle chassis dynamometer is used to study the first two mechanisms. This is done with emphasis on the time history of the recorded signal and not on the frequency spectrum, as is more commonly used. A comparison with existing theoretical models of these mechanisms reveals some of the strength and weaknesses of the current understanding of these phenomena.     

LA-ICP-AES分析丝绸之路且末出土玻璃器成分特点

位于丝绸之路南道上的新疆且末古国扎滚鲁克墓地M133墓和M49墓分别出土了一批珍贵的玻璃料珠和一件玻璃杯,时代为东汉-南北朝时期(公元1～6世纪)。利用激光刻蚀电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(LA-ICP-AES)对这批样品进行化学成分分析,并讨论了这一方法的优势与准确性。分析数据显示,这批样品具有典型的西方钠钙玻璃的成分特点。根据现代西方古代玻璃研究体系中助熔剂的不同,这批玻璃又划分为泡碱玻璃和植物灰玻璃两类,并对玻璃成分的相似性与差异进行探讨。该研究以玻璃为载体反映了且末古国与西方的贸易与文化交流的历史,而且为玻璃的产地来源与制作工艺研究提供了重要的参考。     

Country road and field surface profiles acquisition,modelling and synthetic realisation for evaluating fatigue life of agricultural machinery

Fatigue life of agricultural machinery is strongly affected by the surfaces that these machines operate on. In the present paper a sensor-frame was developed to acquire road and field profiles in absolute geo-referenced coordinates. The sensor-frame was validated by measuring discrete trapezoidal bumps with known dimensions resulting in a root mean squared (RMS) error of 6–8 mm. Profiles were acquired from a country road and from a mowed grass field. Using the quarter-car vehicle model, the movement of an agricultural vehicle was simulated for various speeds. The resulted vertical loads were rainflow-counted and the accumulated fatigue pseudo damage was calculated using Palmgren–Miner linear rule. Based on the derived Power Spectrum Density (PSD), the profiles were classified according to ISO 8608 standard. Two methodologies were followed to model and create a number of synthetic realisations for each profile: Direct Spectrum Estimate (DSE) and ISO based modelling. Simulating the produced synthetic profiles with the quarter-car vehicle model, the corresponding pseudo damage was calculated. The accumulated damages from the DSE models were closer to the corresponding ones from the measured profiles. ISO based models could not model the profile irregularities, which proved to contribute the largest part of the accumulated fatigue damage.     

Simulating the effect of acoustic treatment types for residential balconies with road traffic noise

Development of design guides to estimate the difference in speech interference level due to road traffic noise between a reference position and balcony position or façade position is explored. A previously established and validated theoretical model incorporating direct, specular and diffuse reflection paths is used to create a database of results across a large number of scenarios. Nine balcony types with variable acoustic treatments are assessed to provide acoustic design guidance on optimised selection of balcony acoustic treatments based on location and street type. In total, the results database contains 9720 scenarios on which multivariate linear regression is conducted in order to derive an appropriate design guide equation. The best fit regression derived is a multivariable linear equation including modified exponential equations on each of nine deciding variables, (1) diffraction path difference, (2) ratio of total specular energy to direct energy, (3) distance loss between reference position and receiver position, (4) distance from source to balcony façade, (5) height of balcony floor above street, (6) balcony depth, (7) height of opposite buildings, (8) diffusion coefficient of buildings and (9) balcony average absorption. Overall, the regression correlation coefficient, R², is 0.89 with 95% confidence standard error of ±3.4 dB.     

Brush drawing multifunctional electronic textiles for human-machine interfaces

Electronic textiles are a promising candidate for futuristic multifunctional clothes. However, the fabrication of robust and reproducible printed electrodes with high mechanical durability, high biocompatibility, and stable electrical performance under various mechanical deformations continues to pose a challenge. In this study, a silk fabric with printed carbon nanotube (CNT) patterns is used to produce a smart electronic textile (E-textile) for multifunctional applications. The printed CNT electrodes are used in triboelectric devices, electrically activated heaters, real-time electrophysiological sensors, and tactile sensors. The E-textile can be used as an electrically activated thermal patch to generate heat on cloth for providing warmth to the human skin and for therapy. Owing to the micro hierarchical pores of the fabric, skin contact generates a power density of about 0.7 mW cm⁻² via effective contact electrification.