Radical addition reactions: factors determining the transition-state geometry

Interatomic distances in the reaction centers of the addition reactions of (i) H^· to the C=C, C=O, N≡C, and C≡C bonds, (ii) ^·CH₃ radical to the C=C, C=O, and C≡C bonds, and (iii) alkyl, aminyl, and alkoxyl radicals to olefin C=C bonds were determined using a new semiempirical method for calculating transition-state geometries of radical reactions. For all reactions of the type X^· + Y=Z → X— Y—Z^· the r ^# _X...Y distance in the transition state is a linear function of the enthalpy of reaction. Parameters of this dependence were determined for seventeen classes of radical addition reactions. The bond elongation, Δr ^# _X...Y, in the transition state decreases as the triplet repulsion, electronegativity difference between the atoms X and Y in the reaction center, and the force constant of the attacked multiple bond increase. __________ Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 894–902, April, 2005.     

Lower bounds on the cluster size distribution

We rigorously prove that the probabilityP _n that the origin of ad-dimensional lattice belongs to a cluster of exactlyn sites satisfiesP _n > exp(–n ^(d–1)/d ) whenever percolation occurs. This holds for the usual (noninteracting) percolation models for any concentrationp > p _c , as well as for the equilibrium states of lattice spin systems with quite general interactions. Such a lower bound applies also if no percolation occurs, but if it appears in some other phase of the system.     

高氯酸二水邻菲咯啉合铜配合物的合成和晶体结构

Crystal structure of the title compound， Cu(phen)(H₂O)₂·ClO₄(phen=1，10-phenanthroline)， was deter-mined by X-ray crystallography. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system， space group C2/c with lattice parameters a=1.49071(4)nm， b=1.38594(4)nm， c=0.70292(1)nm， β=108.509(1)° and Z=4; The Cu(Ⅰ) ion is chelated by a phen ligand and two aqua ligands in cis arrangement and assumes a C2 symmetric square-planar geometry with the CuN₂O₂ core. Eight Cu(phen)(H₂O)₂·ClO₄ molecules are interconnected by strong hydrogen bonds between coordinated water molecules and uncoordinated perchlorate anions to form a molecular scale cavities along c axis. The bond distances of Cu-N and Cu-O are 0.2003(4)nm and 0.1973(3)nm， respectively. CCDC： 197600.     

F and C spectra of fluorinated and partially fluorinated vinyl alkyl ethers

Fluorine, hydrogen, and ¹³C NMR spectral data have been obtained for vinyl alkyl ethers containing fluorines. Some of the molecules are perfluorinated and others include hydrogen, bromine, and chlorine substituents. New generalizations regarding FF spin-spin coupling are developed and used, along with previously recognized correlations, in the confirmation of structures and the assignments of resonances. ¹³C spectroscopy, especially the analysis of ¹³C¹⁹F coupling, is critical in several of the structure determinations. Chlorine isotope effects on fluorine chemical shifts are observed when the chlorine and fluorine are attached to the same carbon, and are also used in the structure analyses. Long-range couplings between fluorines in the vinyl group and fluorines in the alkyl group are interpreted in terms of molecular geometry which allows certain of the alkyl fluorines to “touch” the fluorines cis and gem to the ether oxygen but not the fluorine trans to the oxygen. Two bond ¹³C¹⁹F coupling across the vinyl double bond is found to vary dramatically with the electronegativity of the vinyl substituents in the ethers, in accordance with previous observations for olefins.     

On the automatic restricted-step rational-function-optimization method

The rational function optimization algorithm is one of the widely used methods to search stationary points on surfaces. However, one of the drawbacks of this method is the step reduction procedure to deal with the overstepping problem. We present and comment on a method such that the step obtained from the solution of the rational function equations possesses the desired correct length. The analysis and discussion of the method is mainly centered on the location and optimization of transition states. Received: 18 June 1998 / Accepted: 17 September 1998 / Published online: 23 November 1998     

Ru_n(n=2~8)金属团簇的结构和能级分布的DFT研究

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似(DFT/GGA)方法,对Run团簇(n = 2~8)的几何结构与稳定性、束缚能以及能级分布的关系进行了研究,并分析了随着团簇原子数的增加,团簇的几何结构和费米能级的变化,结果表明:Ru簇的几何结构在4个原子以前是平面结构,而从5个原子开始为空间立体的稳定结构,束缚能随金属原子数的增加而增加。能级结构呈明显的分立特征,费米能级随原子个数的增加而增加,但从Ru7开始又有所降低,且团簇的能量间隙逐渐减小,趋近于大块金属的能级特征。     

N-苄叉基-1-氨基-萘及其类似物的构象与分子扭曲的共轭 驱动力

确定了N-[(4-二甲基氨基)-苄叉基]-2-氨基苯并咪唑(1)，N-[(4-二甲基氨基)-苄叉基]-2-氨基苯并噻唑(2)和N-苄叉基-1-氨基-萘(3)的晶体结构。利用AM1，RHF，DFT方法和STO-3G,4-31G,6-311G及6-311G基组，优化每个分子的23个扭曲构象(θ=0°～-89°)。尽管不同方法得到的最优构象的扭角不同，分子扭曲的驱动力总是起因于电子作用，在任一分子、任何电子态中，离域的π体系总是失稳定的，全平面构象不是π体系最稳定的构象。π电子的离域是分子扭曲的驱动力之一，与经典观点相反，非键原子间的核排斥作用是分子扭曲的阻力，而不是动力。     

Intensités des Transitions Électroniques de [PdCl4]2− Intensities of Electronic Transitions of [PdCl4]2−

The oscillator strengths of the symmetry-forbidden transitions of the ion [PdCl₄]^2– were calculated by a method based on the evaluation of the MO of the distorted ion. It is not very likely that the transition to¹ B _1g (a _1g (d _z ²)b _1g ) state, weak, mainlyz polarized, explains the band that appears as a shoulder observed towards 30 000 cm^–1 in the absorption spectrum. If this band is specific of the ion [PdCl₄]^2–, the assignment to the forbidden charge-transfer transition,¹ A _1g ¹ B _2g , is more plausible.

     

硝酸酯分子几何构型的量子化学研究

运用MINDO / 3、MNDO 和AM1 三种半经验分子轨道(MO)方法, 通过SCF计算, 首次系统地获得了32个硝酸酯化合物分子的全优化几何构型。三种方法的计算结果与已报道的四个化合物(硝酸甲酯、吉纳、硝化甘油和太安)的实验结果相比, AM1法较好。所有硝酸酯的酯基(-ONO~2)具有近似不变的几何参数。直链烷基硝酸酯的键长和键角极为相近, 全部重原子均共平面。二元直链和四元硝酸酯具有对称的分子构型。     

Counterpoise技术和He-H2O配合物的平衡几何

在得到MP4, SCF的关于总能量及结合能的四个势能面的基础上,着重分析了电子相关作用, 消除基函数超位误差的Counterpoise(CP)技术对van der Waals配合物He-H2O的平衡几何的影响并得到了更精确的平衡几何预测。