Proficiency testing in analytical chemistry,microbiology and laboratory medicine – working group discussions on current status,problems and future directions

Working group (WG) discussions on proficiency testing and external quality assessment held at the Eurachem workshop, Portorož, Slovenia 26–27 Sept 2005 are summarised. The discussions focused on performance criteria (WG 1), different aspects of accreditation (WGs 2–3), the revised international harmonised protocol (WG 4), pre- and post-analytical schemes (WG 5), Internet applications (WG 6), experience from the CoEPT project (WG 7), and future aspects (WG 8). Current status, problems and future directions were identified. The WG contained a mix of participants with different expertise. This was done to promote cross-fertilisation of ideas between sectors. The WG issues reflected the content of the keynote lectures and some issues were covered from different perspectives by more than one WG.Presented at the Eurachem PT Workshop September 2005, Portorož, Slovenia.     

信息优势、有限关注与知情交易者竞争交易

在具有一个风险资产的两期交易模型中,刻画了两类知情交易者:一个内部交易者和多个市场专家,内部交易者获得更精确的信息,而市场专家是有限关注的,根据投入的关注度评价获得的信息质量。通过求解线性均衡条件下关注度和市场竞争程度对订单流、流动性、期望收益和市场效率等市场微观特征的影响,结果表明:市场专家的交易强度随关注度的增大而增强,而内部交易者的交易强度随关注度的增大而减弱;市场流动性随着关注度的增大而增大;当市场专家数量较少时,市场专家的收益随着关注度的增大而增大,当市场专家数量较多时,市场专家的收益随着关注度的增大先增大然后缓慢降低。     

大额资产清仓的自动化交易策略

市场的机构投资者经常需要清仓手中持有的大额资产, 因此清仓的交易策略成为了关心的问题. 以工商银行的股票为例,给出适用于计算机执行的自动化清仓策略. 首先将高频的工商银行股票历史数据在每个交易日分别划分出48个交易期, 将问题简化为处理每个交易日交易期的数据. 在此基础上, 综合考虑用神经网络模拟预测清仓时股票价格随时间下降的风险和用信息流理论模型衡量的价格冲击和交易时刻, 并通过优化模型得到清仓持续的交易日天数. 此后, 再制定出每个交易日的具体自动化交易策略.在制定日内交易策略 时, 首先用神经网络对交易时刻做出预测, 然后综合考虑使用 VWAP 预测出的交易量和通过 Kalman 滤波方法修正过的期权定价公式预测出的各时刻股票的初始价格, 最终给出详细的交易策略及交易的成本.     

Dynamic Index Tracking and Risk Exposure Control Using Derivatives

We develop a methodology for index tracking and risk exposure control using financial derivatives. Under a continuous-time diffusion framework for price evolution, we present a pathwise approach to construct dynamic portfolios of derivatives in order to gain exposure to an index and/or market factors that may be not directly tradable. Among our results, we establish a general tracking condition that relates the portfolio drift to the desired exposure coefficients under any given model. We also derive a slippage process that reveals how the portfolio return deviates from the targeted return. In our multi-factor setting, the portfolio’s realized slippage depends not only on the realized variance of the index but also the realized covariance among the index and factors. We implement our trading strategies under a number of models, and compare the tracking strategies and performances when using different derivatives, such as futures and options.     

Robust dynamic pairs trading with cointegration

This paper investigates the robust optimal pairs trading using the concept of equivalent probability measures and a penalty function associated with the confidence in parameter estimates when the parameters in the drift term of the continuous-time cointegration model are estimated with errors. A closed-form solution is derived for the robust pairs trading rule. We compare the robust pairs trading rule against its non-robust counterpart using simulations and real data. The robust strategy is empirically more stable and less volatile.     

资产价值服从跳-扩散过程的风险债券定价

作为对结构化模型和简化模型的改进,本文将结构化模型和简化模型两者融合后提出了一种特殊的跳-扩散过程.在假设公司价值服从这一类跳-扩散过程的情况下,建立了公司风险债券价值所满足的方程,并利用鞅方法得到了公司债券的定价公式.     

证券分析师会降低博彩型股票推荐评级吗？——来自我国A股市场的经验证据

博彩型股票具有“高风险”和“高投机性”的特点。本文以博彩型股票为研究对象,检验证券分析师是否会显著下调博彩型股票的推荐评级。在此基础上,探讨了投资者对博彩型股票推荐评级做出的反应及评级后的超额收益率情况。结果表明:分析师更可能下调博彩型股票的评级,但在投资者情绪高涨时,下调的可能性有所减小;投资者对分析师的博彩型股票评级存在反应过度的情况。本文结论对于认识证券分析师在资本市场中的作用具有重要的参考价值。     

如何浏览Internet上的化学信息资源

作为一个普通的化学工作者如何浏览Internet的上化学信息资源呢?笔者通过学习和实践,总结了几种方法。     

具有增益的概率网络金融计划模型

本文绘出一类具有增益的概率网络金融计划模型．许多多阶段金融计划问题可纳入这类模型．在这类模型中,随机变量的分布函数与Alexander过滤交易规则密切联系在一起,金融市场交易信号由神经网络产生,目标函数的最优值按其期望值计算．文中提出临界流和临界路的概念,给出目标函数下界等于其期望值的充分必要条件和期望最优解的求解方法．