Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes for the remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: The mechanism of the ultrasonic desorption

Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes were investigated for the removal of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in real contaminated soils using HCl and EDTA. The ultrasound-assisted soil washing (US/Mixing) process was compared with the conventional soil washing (Mixing) process based on the mechanical mixing. High removal efficiency (44.8% for HCl and 43.2% for EDTA) for the metals was obtained for the most extreme conditions (HCl 1.0 M or EDTA 0.1 M and L:S = 10:1) in the Mixing process. With the aide of ultrasound, higher removal efficiency (57.9% for HCl and 50.0% for EDTA) was obtained in the same extreme conditions and similar or higher removal efficiency (e.g., 54.7% for HCl 0.5 M and L:S = 10:1 and 50.5% for EDTA 0.05 M and L:S = 5:1) was achieved even in less extreme conditions (lower HCl or EDTA concentration and L:S ratio). Therefore, it was revealed that the US/Mixing was advantageous over the conventional Mixing processes in terms of metal removal efficiency, consumption of chemicals, amount of generated washing leachate, and volume/size of washing reactor. In addition, the heavy metals removal was enhanced for the smaller soil particles in the US/Mixing process. It was due to more violent movement of smaller particles in slurry phase and more violent sonophysical effects. In order to understand the mechanism of ultrasonic desorption, the desorption test was conducted using the paint-coated beads with three sizes (1, 2, and 4 mm) for the free and attached conditions. It was found that no significant desorption/removal of paint from the beads was observed without the movement of beads in the water including floatation, collision, and scrubbing. Thus, it was suggested that the simultaneous application of the ultrasound and mechanical mixing could enhance the physical movement of the particles significantly and the very high removal/desorption could be attained.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定植物精油中的重金属元素

植物精油是从芳香植物提取的天然复杂化合物,作为芳香植物的次生代谢产物具有挥发性和浓郁香味,其特有的多样化生物活性广泛应用于医药和化妆品行业.植物精油具有高渗透性,能以活跃的分子态渗透皮肤组织,经淋巴腺吸收后进入血液,其所含的重金属元素也极易随植物精油进入人体对健康构成潜在威胁.采用硝酸-双氧水对植物精油进行微波消解,在...     

质谱法精密测定重水中的氢同位素丰度

介绍了用高分辨气体质谱计精密测定重水中氢同位素丰度的分析方法．实验自制了一套重水分解系统,以金属铀作还原剂,在一定的温度下还原重水为氘气．采用低温活性碳作为吸收剂,将样品分解、制备成气体试样,用高分辨气体质谱计测定重水中氢同位素丰度．该方法测定高浓度（〉99％）重水的氘丰度,测量结果的相对标准偏差不大于0．02％。     

PHOBOS at RHIC: Some global observations

Particle production in Au+Au collisions has been measured in the PHOBOS experiment at RHIC for a range of collision energies for a large span of pseudorapidities, |η| < 5.4. Three empirical observations have emerged from this data set which require theoretical examination. First, there is clear evidence of limiting fragmentation. Namely, particle production in central Au + Au collisions, when expressed as dN/dη′ ( η′ ≡ – y_beam), becomes energy independent at high energy for a broad region of η′ around η′ = 0. This energy-independent region grows with energy, allowing only a limited region (if any) of longitudinal boost-invariance. Second, there is a striking similarity between particle production in e⁺e⁻and Au + Au collisions (scaled by the number of participating nucleon pairs). Both the total number of produced particles and the longitudinal distribution of produced particles are approximately the same in e⁺e⁻and in scaled Au + Au. This observation This presentation is based in large part on the PHOBOS summary talk by M Baker at the16th Int. Conf. on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus- Nucleus Collisions, Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France was not predicted and has not been explained. Finally, particle production has been found to scale approximately with the number of participating nucleon pairs for (N _part ) > 65. This scaling occurs both for the total multiplicity and for highp _T particles (3 <p _T < 4.5 GeV/c). This presentation is based in large part on the PHOBOS summary talk by M Baker at the16th Int. Conf. on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France     

Low- and high-energy expansion of heavy-quark correlators at next-to-next-to-leading order

We calculate three-loop corrections to correlation functions of heavy-quark currents in the low- and high-energy regions. We present 30 coefficients both in the low-energy and the high-energy expansion of the scalar and the vector correlator with non-diagonal flavour structure. In addition we compute 30 coefficients in the high-energy expansion of the diagonal vector, axial-vector, scalar and pseudo-scalar correlators. Possible applications of our new results are improvements of lattice-based quark-mass determinations and the approximate reconstruction of the full momentum dependence of the correlators.     

可迁移的土壤重金属污染高光谱定性分类方法研究

现有基于高光谱遥感的土壤重金属污染定性分类模型,大多采用同一地区室内光谱测定训练样本数据进行模型构建与测试。但室内光谱测定需要复杂的处理过程,成本高,效率低,且无法快速获得目标区域空间上连续的光谱信息。考虑到实际应用需求,模型在相同实验区和不同试验区野外光谱数据是否具有较好的迁移推广能力是目前迫切需要回答的问题。为回答这一问题,选取湖南省郴州市和衡阳市两铅锌矿区作为实验研究区,选用支持向量机（SVM）作为分类器,将郴州实验区室内采样的83个样本数据和衡阳实验区室内采样的46个样本数据分别用于分类器训练,将衡阳地区野外采样的46个样本数据用于分类测试。并首先通过基于联合分布适配（JDA）的迁移学习方法进行光谱变换以缩小两地室内外测定光谱分布差异,然后进行不同区域室内外土壤重金属污染定性分类模型迁移。实验结果表明：（1）由于野外测得的光谱数据会受到太阳辐射、提取的土壤成分差异等因素的干扰导致室内外光谱数据存在显著的分布差异,难以直接将基于室内采样数据训练得到的土壤重金属污染定性分类模型迁移到同一地区测定的野外高光谱数据上。但通过JDA变换缩小室内外分布差异后,模型迁移能力得到显著提升,砷（As）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）三种重金属含量是否超标的分类精度都达到了84%以上,Zn元素含量是否超标的分类精度甚至达到了89%以上。（2）由于季节性影响、地区成分的干扰和光谱噪声的增加,不同地区光谱数据存在着更为显著的分布差异,加大了不同地区土壤重金属污染监测的难度,难以将基于室内采样光谱数据所建立的土壤重金属定性分类模型直接迁移到其他地区野外采样数据上（平均分类精度仅在50%左右）。经过JDA迁移学习方法进行室内外光谱变换处理后,模型迁移能力得到保证,因此,室外光谱采样可直接用于研究不同试验区域重金属（As,Pb和Zn）的污染情况。     

ICP-OES法测定穿心莲药材中6种重金属元素溶出特性的研究

以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定了中药穿心莲中的As,Ba,Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb等6种重金属元素,方法相对标准偏差2.1%~4.6%,回收率92.0%~103.2%,灵敏度高、简单、准确可靠。考察了采用热回流提取、浸泡提取、超声辅助提取等不同提取方法和提取溶剂时,上述6种元素的溶出情况。结果表明,实验所用穿心莲药材中Ba的含量最高,其次为Cu和Cr,而As,Pb,Cd在药材中含量相对较低。随着提取溶剂中乙醇含量升高,Ba的溶出减少,而Cu、Cr的溶出增加,Cd在酸性溶液中溶出最多;提取方法则以冷浸法溶出重金属元素最少,使用纯水和碱水的热回流提取重金属元素溶出相对较多。以上差异可能与这些元素在药材中的存在形态有关。     

基于中红外漫反射光谱的土壤重金属元素含量预测研究

研究了中红外漫反射光谱快速预测土壤重金属元素含量的可行性。以在南京江宁区和八卦洲采集的共161个土壤样品为例,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)法对土壤中Ni,Cr,Cu,As,Zn,Pb,Hg和Cd等8种重金属元素数据进行了预测。通过对样品的中红外(MIR)漫反射光谱进行各种预处理,探讨了中红外光谱数据预处理对预测精度的影响,并比较了中红外光谱与可见光-近红外(VNIR)光谱对土壤重金属含量预测的精度。结果表明,依次经平滑、基线校正、多元散射校正预处理能显著提高中红外光谱数据的预测精度;经校正的中红外光谱对异地样品预测的均方根误差是可见光-近红外光谱的21%～73%,比VNIR波段更能准确预测异地样品中土壤重金属元素含量。研究表明,中红外漫反射光谱可以作为一种快速、非破坏方法预测土壤重金属元素含量,且比可见光-近红外精度高。     

分析北京城市污泥中铅砷镉形态浓度的ICP-MS

城市污泥中重金属的难降解和高毒性限制了污泥的资源化利用.以北京G和Q污水处理厂的压滤出厂污泥为实验材料,采用BCR三步浸提法对污泥中铅砷镉Pb,As,Cd的三种形态进行提取,以HNO3-HClO4进行全量消解,利用ICP-MS检测Pb,As,Cd的全量和各形态的含量,从而为北京城市污泥的资源开发研究提供基础数据.实验结果表明,北京城市污泥中Pb和Cd含量比上世纪末明显降低:其中,G污泥中Pb,As,Cd的全量(干重)分别为19.60,37.96和1.34 mg·kg-1,而Q污泥中分别为19.58,23.46和2.30 mg·kg-1;两种污泥中Pb含量相差甚微,G污泥中As明显高于Q污泥,而Cd则显著低于后者;两种污泥中相应金属的三种形态的变化趋势基本一致:Pb与As以HAc酸溶态为主,H2O2可氧化态最少;而Cd主要以NH2OH-HCl可还原态存在,HAc酸溶态最少.三种重金属中生物毒性大的形态均占70%以上.     

Crystal field in RPdIn (R=Ce, Pr, Nd) compounds

The RPdIn compounds (R = rare earth) crystallise in the hexagonal ZrNiAl-type crystal structure. The compounds from this family exhibit a great variety of interesting magnetic properties including heavy fermion behaviour. In order to get a deeper insight into nature of magnetism of RPdIn with light rare earths elements (La–Nd) an inelastic neutron scattering experiment was performed. For compounds with Pr and Nd excitations due to crystal field were clearly distinguished. On the other hand, interesting behaviour for the CePdIn sample was observed. The sample exhibits no signs of crystal field excitations, likely due to highly delocalised Ce 4f states leading to its heavy fermion behaviour.