THE NONLINEAR MAGNETOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF 〈 110 〉 ORIENTED TBo.27DYo.73FE1.95 POLYCRYSTALLINE ALLOYS UNDER COUPLED MAGNETOMECHANICAL LOADING

In the paper, the nonlinear magnetoelastic properties of composition Tb0.27Dy0.73 Fel.95 〈 110 〉 oriented polycrystalline alloys are investigated under coupled loads of high mag- netic field and compressive stress. The magnetization and magnetostriction are measured simul- taneously under applied magnetic field from -800 to 800 kA/m and compressive stress from 0 to 25 MPa at room temperature. The strain coefficient and relative permeability are obtained by differential calculation from the experimental curves. The results show that the values of satura- tion magnetization （M~） under different compressive stresses remain invariably constant in the region of the high magnetic field. The saturation magnetostriction （As） increases with increasing compressive stress and reaches 1680 ~ 10-6 under 25 MPa. According to the increase of the com- pressive stress, the hysteretic loop area of magnetization and magnetostriction increases, while the maximum relative permeability and strain coefficient decrease. Additionally, the influence of the bias magnetic field on the mechanical property is taken into account. The stress-strain relation- ship is nonlinear and sensitive to the applied external magnetic fields along the axis of rod. The results obtained are a useful complement to the existing experiments for theoretical approaches and engineering applications.     

Non-linear electromechanical response of 1–3 type piezocomposites

Domain switching in piezoelectric materials is caused by external loads such as electric field and stress that leads to non-linear behaviour. A study is carried out to compare the non-linear behaviour of 1–3 piezocomposites with different volume fractions and bulk piezoceramics. Experiments are conducted to measure the electrical displacement and strain on piezocomposites and bulk ceramics under high cyclic electrical loading and constant compressive prestress. A thermodynamically consistent uni-axial framework is developed to predict the nonlinear behaviour by combining the phenomenological and micromechanical techniques. Volume fractions of three distinct uni-axial variants (instead of six variants) are used as internal variables to describe the microscopic state of the material. In this model, the grain boundary effects are taken into account by introducing the back fields (electric field and stress) as non-linear kinematic hardening functions. An analytical model based on equivalent layered approach is used to calculate effective properties such as elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants for different volume fractions of piezocomposites. The predicted effective properties are incorporated in the proposed uni-axial model and the dielectric hysteresis (electrical displacement versus electric field) as well as butterfly curves (strain versus electric field) are simulated. Comparison between the experiments and simulations show that this model can reproduce the characteristics of non-linear response. It is observed that the variation in fiber volume fraction and compressive stress has a significant influence on the response of the 1–3 piezocomposites.     

持荷混凝土构件耐久性试验加载装置应用技术

针对混凝土构件耐久性试验环境的腐蚀性和多变性、试验设备容量的限制、混凝土的徐变及加载杆件的松弛等影响,对持荷试件加载装置进行了设计与研究。通过自平衡加载装置对紧固件施加扭矩来控制持荷试件的应力水平,并实时监测不同材质及环境下的扭矩系数、混凝土徐变和紧固件的应力松弛,以此获得扭矩的衰减规律,为试件应力补偿提供理论依据。采用两套加载装置对8根(套)试件进行了测试,试验结果表明,自平衡加载装置适用性强、加载及其补偿简便且能够满足试验要求,持荷试件应力损失在六周后趋于稳定。该装置及其应用技术可用于荷载与环境共同作用下混凝土构件的耐久性试验。     

轴向冲击载荷下薄壁折纹管的屈曲模态与吸能

在方管的基础上引入折纹结构, 利用几何关系建立折纹管的折角公式。采用LS-DYNA软件研究了6种折纹管在轴向冲击下的屈曲模态与能量吸收性能, 并与方管进行对比分析。结果表明, 折纹管在冲击载荷作用下屈曲变形过程可分为3个阶段, 初始峰值阶段、稳定渐进屈曲阶段和密实化阶段。折角是影响初始峰值载荷和平均载荷的重要因素之一, 折纹结构的引入有效的降低了初始峰值载荷, 减小了冲击力的波动幅度; 折纹管的比吸能低于方管, 但是在特定折角下, 折纹管的压缩力效率和比总体效率高于方管。     

闪长岩单轴加载过程中声发射和弹性波速度变化规律的研究

为研究闪长岩在单轴加载过程中的声发射和各向波速变化规律,在单轴阶段加载和循环阶段加载条件下,对闪长岩岩样破裂过程中的声发射累计数、不同应力水平不同方向的波速、切线模量、轴向应变速率进行了研究。实验结果表明:(1)随着应力水平的增高,声发射事件数不断增加,在高应力水平(约80%峰值强度)时,声发射累计数急剧增多,随后切线模量出现震荡变化。(2)在加载过程中,压密程度及裂纹扩展方向对波速产生了巨大的影响,导致不同方向波速在不同的应力水平呈现出不同的变化规律,由此可以推测破裂面位置和破裂模式。在较高应力水平下(约60%峰值强度),平行于加载方向的波速趋于稳定,而垂直于加载方向的波速则持续下降,故用垂直于加载方向传播的波速预测岩石的破坏更具可靠性。(3)随着应力的增加,应变速率有逐渐减小的趋势,但临近岩石破裂时无异常变化出现,说明利用变形观测难以预测此类岩石的破坏。以上研究表明,根据纵波波速、声发射累计数和切线模量的变化可以有效预测岩石的破坏。     

实现应变率为105~106 s-1的阻抗梯度飞片复杂加载波形计算分析

为了在气炮上实现应变率为105~106 s-1的复杂加载技术研究,采用自行研制的拉格朗日程序MLEP(multi-material Lagrangian elastic-plastic)对Al-Cu-W材料体系的阻抗梯度飞片复杂加载不锈钢靶板进行数值模拟,计算设计并分析了阻抗梯度飞片的厚度和密度分布指数对靶板压力、速度和应变率峰值等波形的影响。结果表明:密度指数分布越大,加载时间越短,加载后期的压力、速度和应变率峰值曲线更陡峭;同时, 为了避免靶板/LiF窗口界面反射的稀疏波早于阻抗梯度飞片后界面反射的稀疏波达到碰撞面位置,计算设计中还考虑了飞片厚度的影响。此外,对基于理论设计的阻抗梯度飞片进行了动态考核实验,实验结果基本反映了预期的设计,为材料强度的测量奠定了基础。     

内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒的动态响应

为评估内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒结构的防护效果,考察多层钢筒结构动态响应和变形吸能特征,采用两端开口、总厚度为50 mm的4层圆柱形Q345钢筒,在8.90~18.18 kg TNT药量下进行爆炸实验,并在容器外壁进行应变电测。实验后钢筒结构爆心局部发生塑性变形,内层钢筒变形最大,但未发生破坏。根据研究得到初步认识：采用爆心单位环面变形吸能的设计方法,可以较好地预估给定药量下所需钢筒的厚度;不同药量下,轴向距离超过多层钢筒结构的1/4内径后,其外壁环向变形峰值约减小为爆心截面环向应变峰值的1/2。

     

THE SHEAR LAG EFFECT OF BOX BEAMS WITH VARYING LATERAL LOADING LOCATIONS 1)

对箱梁各翼板(顶板、悬臂板、底板)分设不同剪力滞广义纵向位移,其横向分布均取二次抛物线形式,并引入载荷横向位置参数η,以分析载荷横向变位对剪力滞效应的影响.运用能量变分原理,建立剪力滞控制微分方程,求解了简支梁和悬臂梁在均布载荷作用下的控制微分方程的解.算例分析表明:载荷横向变位改变直接承受载荷的翼板的正负剪力滞特性,对非直接承载翼板只改变其应力幅度;箱梁横向框架效应对直接承载翼板纵向应力的贡献远远大于剪切变形.与块体有限元分析结果较吻合,表明该算法能较准确分析载荷横向变位作用下箱梁剪力滞的变化规律.     

Opening and contact zones of an interface crack in a piezoelectric bimaterial under combined compressive-shear loading

A plane problem for a tunnel electrically permeable interface crack between two semi-infinite piezoelectric spaces is studied. A remote mechanical and electrical loading is applied. Elastic displacements and potential jumps as well as stresses and electrical displacement along the interface are presented using a sectionally holomorphic vector function. It is assumed that the interface crack includes zones of crack opening and frictionless contact. The problem is reduced to a combined Dirichlet–Riemann boundary value problem which is solved analytically. From the obtained solution, simple analytical expressions are derived for all mechanical and electrical characteristics at the interface. A quite simple transcendental equation, which determines the point of separation of open and close sections of the crack, is found. For the analysis of the obtained results, the main attention is devoted to the case of compressive-shear loading. The analytical analysis and numerical results show that, even if the applied normal stress is compressive, a certain crack opening zone exists for all considered loading values provided the shear field is present. It is found that the shear stress intensity factor at the closed crack tip and the energy release rates at the both crack tips depend very slightly on the magnitude of compressive loading.     

Stress State of Multilayer Structural Elements Subjected to Static Loading and Optimization of Laminated Beams and Bars

The results of FEM investigation of the triaxial stress state in multilayer structural elements subjected to axial and bending loads are presented. The distribution regularities of the stiffness and stresses or strains depending on the geometric and mechanical characteristics of layers and their position in the cross section of beams and bars are examined. The optimization of these elements is carried out using the dependences of the Bareisis—Paulauskas method and the Optim-98 computer program created by the present authors. As the optimization criteria, the strength, stiffness, mass, and cost of the structural elements are considered.