A margin scheme that advises on when to change required margin

The purpose of a margin requirement is to protect a clearinghouse from members’ defaults resulting from big losses due to adverse movement of futures prices. To decide on how much a margin is required, a clearinghouse may refer to a benchmark margin defined as a constant multiple of the forecasted volatility. However, a benchmark margin only advises on a desirable margin level. It gives no advice on whether a clearinghouse should alter existing required margin. This paper proposes a margin scheme that can advise on when to change the required margin and if a change is recommended, to what level it should be changed. The proposed margin scheme can be devised so that the coverage probability and change frequency are controlled at target levels deemed appropriate by the clearinghouse. The proposed margin scheme needs a volatility forecast as input. This paper shows that among a large number of volatility forecasts, implied volatility gives the best results. This confirms a conjecture that implied volatility may have more information content than other volatility forecasts as far as margin setting is concerned.     

基于GARCH模型的人民币汇率波动规律研究

自人民币汇率体制改革以来,汇率波动日趋复杂.鉴于GARCH模型能够较好地拟合汇率时间序列的尖峰厚尾特征,本文采集了2003～2007年之间的1069个美元兑人民币汇率日值,应用GARCH模型进行分析,证实了我国外汇市场确实存在ARCH效应,且GARCH模型能够较好地拟合汇改后的人民币汇率数据.     

Smoothly truncated stable distributions,GARCH-models,and option pricing

Although asset return distributions are known to be conditionally leptokurtic, this fact has rarely been addressed in the recent GARCH model literature. For this reason, we introduce the class of smoothly truncated stable distributions (STS distributions) and derive a generalized GARCH option pricing framework based on non-Gaussian innovations. Our empirical results show that (1) the model’s performance in the objective as well as the risk-neutral world is substantially improved by allowing for non-Gaussian innovations and (2) the model’s best option pricing performance is achieved with a new estimation approach where all model parameters are obtained from time-series information whereas the market price of risk and the spot variance are inverted from market prices of options. The paper subsumes a previous one under the title “A New Class of Probability Distributions and Its Application to Finance”. The authors gratefully acknowledge comments made by seminar participants at University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Washington, Seattle, Hochschule für Banken, Frankfurt, Cornell University, Princeton University, American University, Washington DC, and the Risk Management and Financial Engineering Conference held in Gainesville, FL in April 2005. All views and opinions expressed in this article are strictly those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Sal. Oppenheim.     

Risk quantification and validation for Bitcoin

This paper introduces a semi-nonparametric approach for modeling Bitcoin risk relatively to other parametric distributions and volatility models. Model performance is assessed through different backtesting techniques, including multinomial test, for three risk measures: Value-at-Risk, Expected Shortfall and Median Shortfall. Our results show that the ‘large’ semi-nonparametric expansion is a good alternative to measure Bitcoin risk according to recommendations of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, but also that 99%-Median Shortfall seems to be an accurate and robust risk measure for Bitcoin.     

一类混合的非对称的GARCH模型的性质研究

本文提出了一类混合的非对称的GARCH模型(MAGARCH),利用随机差分方程的一些结果,研究了该模型的平稳性条件和尾行为,还讨论了MAGARCH(K;1,1)的矩的情况.     

不同矩属性波动模型对中国股市波动率的预测精度分析

金融时间序列的波动性建模经历了从一阶矩到二阶矩直到高阶矩(包含三阶矩和四阶矩)的过程,而对于高阶矩波动模型是否有助于对未来市场的波动率预测这一问题,国内外学术界尚无文献讨论。以上证综指长达7年的每5分钟高频数据样本为例,通过构建具有不同矩属性的波动模型,计算了中国股票市场波动率的预测值,并利用具有bootstrap特性的SPA检验法,实证检验了不同矩属性波动模型的波动率预测精度差异。实证结果显示:就中国股市而言,四阶矩波动模型能够取得比二阶矩波动模型更优的波动率预测精度,而三阶矩波动模型并未表现出比二阶矩波动模型更强的预测能力;在高阶矩波动模型中包含杠杆效应项并不能提高模型的预测精度。最后提出了在金融风险管理、衍生产品定价等领域引入四阶矩波动模型的研究思路。     

Copula模型在沪深股市相关性研究中的应用

本文利用沪深股票市场数据,研究了二者之间的相关结构,尤其是尾部相关情况。由于股票收益率序列存在着条件自相关和条件异方差,为避免这些对Copula参数估计的影响,我们先对收益率序列进行AR(4)-GJRGARCH(1,1)-t建模,得到的标准化残差经BDS检验为独立同分布(i.i.d.)序列,再进行Copula建模。实证结果表明,沪深股市存在很强的正相关性,以及对称的尾部相关。这与大多数国外学者认为股票市场之间存在非对称相关现象的结论不同。本文通过图形检测和解析方法相结合来选择对数据拟合最好的Copula函数,结果表明学生t-Copula可以很好地刻画沪深股市的相关性。     

GARCH模型参数变化的残量检验

本文研究GARCH模型参数变化的检验问题. 给出残量累积和统计量, 在原假设下得到了统计量的极限分布; 模拟结果表明残量检验可以弥补Kim, Cho和Lee (2000)\ucite{1}提出的平方累积和检验的某些不足, 比如经验势函数值过低的问题.     

基于Expectile和Realized GARCH模型的波动率预测

Realized GARCH模型是预测波动率的经典模型之一,最小化非对称二次损失函数的Expectile对收益率尾部分布更加敏感,我们在Realized GARCH模型的基础上引入Expectile提出Expectile-Realized GARCH模型。以沪深300指数的高频收益率为例建模分析,对比不同模型下的波动率预测效果,发现Expectile-Realized GARCH模型较Realized GARCH模型对波动率预测能力更好。其中,当风险水平为95%时,对应的Expectile-Realized GARCH波动率预测能力最好。     

Statistical Analysis of Financial Volatility by Wavelet Shrinkage

We analyze the Nikkei daily stock index and verify how wavelets can help in identifying, estimating and predicting its volatility features. While we study the conditional mean and variance dynamics, by utilizing statistical parametric inference techniques, we also decompose the observed signal with a data de-noising procedure. We thus investigate how wavelets discriminate among information at different resolution levels and we attempt to understand whether the de-noised data lead to a better identification of the underlying volatility process. We find that the wavelet data pre-processing strategy, by reducing the measurement error of the observed data, is useful for improving the volatility prediction power.