全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5745篇 |
免费 | 713篇 |
国内免费 | 589篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1424篇 |
晶体学 | 50篇 |
力学 | 777篇 |
综合类 | 125篇 |
数学 | 2403篇 |
物理学 | 2268篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 54篇 |
2022年 | 82篇 |
2021年 | 131篇 |
2020年 | 138篇 |
2019年 | 162篇 |
2018年 | 145篇 |
2017年 | 196篇 |
2016年 | 205篇 |
2015年 | 164篇 |
2014年 | 280篇 |
2013年 | 484篇 |
2012年 | 286篇 |
2011年 | 312篇 |
2010年 | 230篇 |
2009年 | 356篇 |
2008年 | 316篇 |
2007年 | 334篇 |
2006年 | 343篇 |
2005年 | 296篇 |
2004年 | 269篇 |
2003年 | 249篇 |
2002年 | 253篇 |
2001年 | 213篇 |
2000年 | 195篇 |
1999年 | 191篇 |
1998年 | 149篇 |
1997年 | 132篇 |
1996年 | 104篇 |
1995年 | 92篇 |
1994年 | 80篇 |
1993年 | 68篇 |
1992年 | 72篇 |
1991年 | 48篇 |
1990年 | 53篇 |
1989年 | 32篇 |
1988年 | 59篇 |
1987年 | 44篇 |
1986年 | 40篇 |
1985年 | 30篇 |
1984年 | 27篇 |
1983年 | 14篇 |
1982年 | 26篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有7047条查询结果,搜索用时 796 毫秒
141.
Giorgio Parisi 《Journal of statistical physics》1980,23(1):49-82
We review the physical principles which are at the basis of recent field-theoretic computations of the critical exponents in two- and three-dimensional systems. We concentrate on those points that do not show up explicitly in the more standard-expansion: they must be discussed with care if one uses a perturbative approach at fixed space dimensions (the loop expansion). We present in detail simple computations of the critical exponents, while we summarize the results of longer and more accurate computations. 相似文献
142.
S. N. Shkerin Yu. V. Sokolova S. M. Beresnev 《Russian Journal of Electrochemistry》2005,41(8):849-857
The polarization dependences of a porous gold electrode in contact with a solid electrolyte of the composition La0.88Sr0.12Ga0.82Mg0.18O2.85 are studied at 600–800°C and oxygen pressures of 2 × 10−2-1 atm. It is shown that the rate of cathodic reduction of oxygen out of the gas phase depends on the preliminary treatment of the sample. The activation energy is equal to 110–135 kJ mol−1 at a low polarization. After increasing the polarization, the activation energy for the cathodic reduction of oxygen equals 75–85 kJ mol−1 and depends on the oxygen pressure as a power function with a power index of 1/4. The rate of the anodic evolution of oxygen is dependent neither on the preliminary treatment of the sample nor on the oxygen pressure in the gas phase and the polarization curve has a characteristic segment, which corresponds to a limiting overvoltage.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 8, 2005, pp. 954–962.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shkerin, Sokolova, Beresnev. 相似文献
143.
S. C. Cheng W. Feng I. I. Pashikin L. H. Yuan H. C. Deng Y. Zhou 《Radiation Physics and Chemistry》2002,63(3-6):517-519
Temperature-sensitive poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) both in water-soluble state and in gel was prepared by γ-radiation polymerization. The effects of radiation dose, radiation dose rate and monomer concentration on polymerization and the low critical solution temperature characteristics of the polymer were studied. The results show that the polymer prepared within certain radiation dose (beyond 2 kGy) and dose rate range (2–14 Gy/min) has good temperature sensitivity and uniformity. 相似文献
144.
V. V. Simakov 《Russian Journal of Electrochemistry》2005,41(6):653-654
Current-voltage curves for sensor structures based on thin tin oxide films are examined in various gases. Conditions favoring symmetrical nonlinear curves in the voltage range −30 to 30 V are found.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2005, pp. 735–737.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Simakov.Published on the basis of a report delivered at the VII Meeting on Fundamental Problems in Solid-State Ionics (Chernogolovka-2004). 相似文献
145.
146.
The changes in the surface properties of oxygen plasma-treated polyethylene films during ageing in various atmospheres (water, dry nitrogen gas, and hexane) were studied from the viewpoint of the interaction of the surface functional groups formed on the films and the ageing media. The XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and the SSIMS (static secondary ion mass spectrometry) spectra indicated the formation of polar groups containing oxygen such as C=O on the film surface. The changes in the critical surface tension (C) of the film with ageing time were largely affected by the ageing atmospheres: the C value of the film aged in water increased, and those of the films aged in nitrogen gas and hexane decreased with an increase in ageing time. These different tendencies among the ageing media could be understood reasonably with examining the surface free energy ratios (the total energy,
S
tot
, the dispersion force component,
S
d
/
S
tot
, the polar component,
S
p
/
S
tot
, the hydrogen bonding component,
S
h
/
S
tot
) of the films. The ageing in water of which L is large gave the films with higher
S
p
/
S
tot
values, suggeting that the overturn and/or the orientation of the polar groups toward the water phase occurred so as to minimize the discrepancy of the surface free energy between the polymer surface and water. On the other hand, the ageing in nitrogen gas and hexane media of which L are small gave the films with lower
S
p
/
S
tot
and
S
h
/
S
tot
values, suggesting the overturn and/or the orientation of the polar groups into the bulk polymer. 相似文献
147.
1H NMR chemical shifts of solutions of the following cationic surfactants in D2O were determined as a function of their concentrations: cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, CTACl, a 1 : 1 molar mixture of
CTACl and toluene, cetylpyridinium chloride, CPyCl, cetyldimethylphenylam-monium chloride, CDPhACl, cetyldimethylbenzylammonium
chloride, CDBzACl, cetyldimethyl-2-phenylethylammonium chloride, CDPhEtACl, and cetyldimethyl-3-phenylpropylammonium chloride,
CDPhPrACl. Plots of observed chemical shifts versus [surfactant] are sigmoidal, and were fitted to a model based on the mass-action
law. Satisfactory fitting was obtained for the discrete protons of all surfactants. From these fits, we calculated the equilibrium
constant for micelle formation, K, the critical micelle concentration, CMC and the chemical shifts of the monomer, δmon and the micelle δmic. 1H NMR-based CMC values are in excellent agreement with those which we determined by surface tension measurements of surfactant
solutions in H2O, allowing for the difference in structure between D2O and H2O. Values of K increase as a function of increasing the size of the hydrophilic group, but the free energy of transfer per CH2 group of the phenylalkyl moiety from bulk water to the micellar interface is approximately constant, 1.9±0.1 kJ mol-1. Values of (δmic–δmon) for the surfactant groups at the interface, e.g., CH3–(CH2)15–N+(CH3)2 and within the micellar core, e.g., CH3–(CH2)15–N+ were used to probe the (average) conformation of the phenyl group in the interfacial region. The picture that emerges is
that the aromatic ring is perpendicular to the interface in CDPhACl and is more or less parallel to it in CDBzACl, CDPhEtACl,
and CDPhPrACl.
Received: 23 February 1996 Accepted: 29 August 1996 相似文献
148.
149.
A.?González-PérezEmail author J.?Czapkiewicz J.?M.?Ruso J.?R.?Rodríguez 《Colloid and polymer science》2004,282(10):1169-1173
The specific conductivity of dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium bromide (C12BBr) in aqueous solutions, in the temperature range of 15 to 40 °C, has been measured as a function of molality. The two breaks which were found on the conductivity against molality plots were attributed to the critical micelle concentration, cmc, and second critical micelle concentration, 2nd cmc, respectively. The ratio of the slopes, S, of the three linear fragments on the plots, S2/S1 and S3/S1, was attributed to the degree of ionization of the micelles at cmc and 2nd cmc respectively. It was shown that the values of the 2nd cmc estimated above 27 °C are only apparent due to thermal disintegration of the micelles. In the temperature range of 15 to 27 °C, the values of the 2nd cmc increase gradually and the plot of the 2nd cmc against temperature is concave. The ratio of 2nd cmc/cmc for C12BBr at 25 °C amounts to 15 and appears to be high compared to the literature values for other surfactants. For comparative purposes the cmc and 2nd cmc values were also estimated conductometrically for decyldimethylbenzylammonium bromide (C10BBr) at 25 °C. The 2nd cmc value for this surfactant is higher compared to the value for the C12 homologue by a factor of 2.6.The standard Gibbs free energies of micellization at cmc and at the 2nd cmc were estimated from the experimental data for both surfactants at 25 °C. 相似文献
150.
Summary The successful application of the formerly presented concept of diffusion-averaged molecular weight, Md, to vacuum residues of crude oils, or their fractions, is described. The samples for establishing the calibration curve, logDvs. logM, were crude oil fractions with polydispersities smaller than 1.1. In a surprisingly good approximation the calibration curve is independent of the origin of these fractions if 500<M<10000. The validity of our calibration curve was demonstrated with more than 10 crude oil residues and with some of their hydrogenation residues [2]. 相似文献