Quality evaluation of raw and processed Crataegi Fructus by color measurement and fingerprint analysis

Crataegi Fructus and its processed products have been used as a traditional medicine for a long time, and numerous active components are responsible for their curative effects. However, a comprehensive and fast method for the quality control of its processed products is still lacking. In this study, two analytical methods based on color measurements and fingerprint analysis are established. In the color measurements, the color values of the peel and flesh of Crataegi Fructus were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Based on the results, a color reference range was established using percentiles, and the standard color difference value was established using the median color values. Then, the color values of Crataegi Fructus and its processed products were analyzed using Bayes linear discriminant analysis and mathematical functions were built in order to predict the degree of processing. Moreover, high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis was performed on a Hibar C₁₈ column, and a high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprint pattern was obtained, from which nine peaks were identified. Chemometric methods were successfully applied to differentiate raw and processed Crataegi Fructus.     

A general class of inequalities with mixed means

Suppose (T, Σ, μ) is a space with positive measure,f: ? → ? is a strictly monotone continuous function, and &;(T) is the set of real μ-measurable functions onT. Letx(·) ∈ &;(T) andf ○x)(·) ∈L ₁(T,μ). Comparison theorems are proved for the means $\mathfrak{M}_{(T,{\mathbf{ }}\mu ,{\mathbf{ }}f)} (x( \cdot ))$ and the mixed means $\mathfrak{M}_{(T_1 ,{\mathbf{ }}\mu _1 ,{\mathbf{ }}f_1 )} (\mathfrak{M}_{(T_2 ,{\mathbf{ }}\mu _2 ,{\mathbf{ }}f_2 )} (x( \cdot )))$ these inequalities imply analogs and generalizations of some classical inequalities, namely those of Hölder, Minkowski, Bellman, Pearson, Godunova and Levin, Steffensen, Marshall and Olkin, and others. These results are a continuation of the author's studies.     

Complete Spacelike Submanifolds in de Sitter Space with Parallel Mean Curvature Vector Satisfying H2 = 4(n − 1)/n2

Recently, Montiel [7] proved that an n-dimensional (n 3) complete spacelike hypersurface in de Sitter space S^{1 1 +1}(1) with constant mean curvature H satisfying H² = 4 (n – 1)/n² which is not connected at infinity must be, up to rigidity motion, a certain hyperbolic cylinder. In this paper, we prove that Montiel's result still holds for higher codimensional spacelike submanifolds in de Sitter space Sⁿ _p ^+p(1).     

Weighted Banzhaf values

The family of weighted Banzhaf values for cooperativen-person TU-games is studied. First we introduce the weighted Banzhaf value for an exogenously given vector of positive weights of the players. Then we give an axiomatic characterization of the class of all possible weighted Banzhaf values.     

The consensus times of the majority vote process on a torus

We study the majority vote process on a two-dimensional torus in which every voter adopts the minority of opinion with small probability . We identify the exponent that the mean of consensus time is asymptotically (1/) with that exponent as goes to 0. The proof is by a formula for mean exit time and by the metastable theory of Markov chains developed in the study of the stochastic Ising model.     

Method of moments of coupled-cluster equations: a new formalism for designing accurate electronic structure methods for ground and excited states

The method of moments of coupled-cluster equations (MMCC), which provides a systematic way of improving the results of the standard coupled-cluster (CC) and equation-of-motion CC (EOMCC) calculations for the ground- and excited-state energies of atomic and molecular systems, is described. The MMCC theory and its generalized MMCC (GMMCC) extension that enables one to use the cluster operators resulting from the standard as well as nonstandard CC calculations, including those obtained with the extended CC (ECC) approaches, are based on rigorous mathematical relationships that define the many-body structure of the differences between the full configuration interaction (CI) and CC or EOMCC energies. These relationships can be used to design the noniterative corrections to the CC/EOMCC energies that work for chemical bond breaking and potential energy surfaces of excited electronic states, including excited states dominated by double excitations, where the standard single-reference CC/EOMCC methods fail. Several MMCC and GMMCC approximations are discussed, including the renormalized and completely renormalized CC/EOMCC methods for closed- and open-shell states, the quadratic MMCC approaches, the CI-corrected MMCC methods, and the GMMCC approaches for multiple bond breaking based on the ECC cluster amplitudes.     

Rules for stating when a limiting value is exceeded

The paper describes rules for stating whether a measurement result indicates that the value of the measurand, e.g. the concentration of a substance in the blood, is in conformity or not in conformity with given specifications. Examples of the intended applications are control of doping in sports, alcohol level in drivers’ blood, trace metals levels in workers’ blood, the proportion of gold in alloys, certain ingredients in food products and pesticides in drinking water. When limiting value(s) have been established a permissible measurand value is said to be in conformity and a non-permissible value it is said to be in non-conformity. One of the following three statements is asserted: Statement A: The value of the measurand is beyond any reasonable doubt in conformity, Statement B: The value of the measurand is beyond any reasonable doubt in non-conformity, Statement C: Neither conformity nor non-conformity could be demonstrated. The test can be performed as either a one-stage or a two-stage procedure. A two-stage procedure is recommended as especially appropriate when a cheap and fast screening method can be used in the first stage. For normally distributed measurements, a freeware computer program, conform1e.exe, is available for the calculations of the probabilities for Statements A, B and C.     

The effects of reaction kinetics upon the instabilities in cathodic electrodeposition

This article deals with a linear stability analysis of electrodeposition. The surface energy is disregarded in order to focus on the possible effects of the finite width of the electric double layer and the finite electrode reaction rate upon the wavelength selection. It is found that in the absence of electroconvection the fastest growing perturbation mode is that with a wavelength equal to the geometric average of the Debye length and the reaction diffusion length, which is the ratio of diffusivity to the electrode reaction rate. This wavelength is one–two orders of magnitude greater than that selected by the capillarity mechanism based on the surface energy estimates. This shift of the selected wavelength towards long waves is enhanced by another order of magnitude by electroconvection in the regime of the nonequilibrium electroosmosis developing upon the emergence of the extended space charge.     

Real-time monitoring of Yb vapor density using an extended cavity violet diode laser

Based on laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS), we developed a vapor density monitor for controlling the vaporization rate of Yb using a tunable diode laser. The laser source consisted of an extended cavity violet diode laser which has an emission wavelength of 398.8 nm coincident with the Yb absorption transition line, 6s(2) 1S(0)-6s6p 1P(1). The light emitted from the diode laser was transmitted across an atomic vapor column generated by heating the Yb metal, while the laser frequency was scanned across the atomic transition line. By comparing the amount of incident light to the amount of light transmitted after the light passed through the vapor column, the vapor density was determined using the Beer's law. From the experimental results, we demonstrated that the diode-laser-based LAS operated successfully for the real-time monitoring of the Yb vapor density.