Zur hydrogeologischen Interpretation von Isotopendaten im Zusammenhang mit Stofftransportprozessen

The migration of radionuclides and other tracers in porous layers is determined by substance transport. The physical and hydraulic basis of retardation is investigated. A definition of a factor of retardation is given, describing the ratio between the pore velocity of the water and the velocity of tracer migration. Consequences to the groundwater protection are discussed.     

Contralaterally transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells (ENStem-A) migrate and improve brain functions in stroke-damaged rats

The transplantation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is known to be a promising approach to ameliorating behavioral deficits after stroke in a rodent model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Previous studies have shown that transplanted NPCs migrate toward the infarct region, survive and differentiate into mature neurons to some extent. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of NPC migration following transplantation into stroke animals have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the fates of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived NPCs (ENStem-A) for 8 weeks following transplantation into the side contralateral to the infarct region using 7.0T animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T2- and T2*-weighted MRI analyses indicated that the migrating cells were clearly detectable at the infarct boundary zone by 1 week, and the intensity of the MRI signals robustly increased within 4 weeks after transplantation. Afterwards, the signals were slightly increased or unchanged. At 8 weeks, we performed Prussian blue staining and immunohistochemical staining using human-specific markers, and found that high percentages of transplanted cells migrated to the infarct boundary. Most of these cells were CXCR4-positive. We also observed that the migrating cells expressed markers for various stages of neural differentiation, including Nestin, Tuj1, NeuN, TH, DARPP-32 and SV38, indicating that the transplanted cells may partially contribute to the reconstruction of the damaged neural tissues after stroke. Interestingly, we found that the extent of gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells) and apoptosis (TUNEL-positive cells) were significantly decreased in the cell-transplanted group, suggesting that hESC-NPCs have a positive role in reducing glia scar formation and cell death after stroke. No tumors formed in our study. We also performed various behavioral tests, including rotarod, stepping and modified neurological severity score tests, and found that the transplanted animals exhibited significant improvements in sensorimotor functions during the 8 weeks after transplantation. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that hESC-NPCs have the capacity to migrate to the infarct region, form neural tissues efficiently and contribute to behavioral recovery in a rodent model of ischemic stroke.     

PO43-掺杂和AlF3包覆协同增强Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2正极材料电化学性能

本研究采用PO₄^3-掺杂和AlF₃包覆的协同改性策略制备了P-LNCM@AlF₃正极材料(P=PO₄^3- ,LNCM=Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂),提高了LNCM的结构稳定性以及抑制了界面副反应。其中,大四面体的PO₄^3-聚阴离子掺杂在晶格中抑制了过渡金属离子的迁移,降低体积变化,从而稳定了晶体结构,而且PO₄^3-掺杂能够扩大锂层间距,促进Li⁺的扩散,从而提升材料的倍率性能。此外,AlF₃包覆层能抑制材料与电解液的副反应从而提升界面稳定性。基于以上优势,P-LNCM@AlF₃正极表现出了优异的电化学性能。在1C电流密度下表现出了179.2 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量,循环200圈后仍有161.5 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量,容量保持率可达90.12%。即使在5C的高电流密度下仍可提供128.8 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量。     

聚苯乙烯提取物的检测与评价

随着材料科学的迅速发展,聚合物材料以不同的形态越来越广泛地应用于食品包装中。但是由于聚合物材料自身的特性及其改性加工,导致了很多低分子量化合物的形成,因而给食品安全性带来很大隐患,也危害着人们的身体健康。为了解决这一问题,在选用材料前,必须分析聚合物材料中低分子化合物的迁移情况,考虑迁移过程对包材使用的影响。实验中选用正庚烷、8%乙醇、50%乙醇和蒸馏水作为食品模拟液,用气相色谱测定聚苯乙烯提取物的迁移量,进而将实验数据分析比较。结果显示,迁移量随着温度的升高和时间的延长而不断增加,溶剂种类的影响为:正庚烷>50%乙醇>8%乙醇>蒸馏水。     

Synthesis and properties of new materials with banana-shaped achiral cores and chiral end groups

New chiral bent-core mesogens, derivatives of 1,3-phenylene bis[4-(alkanyloxyphenyliminomethyl)benzoate], were synthesized with variation of a substituent (X=F, Cl); their antiferroelectric properties are described. The mesomorphic and switching properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, triangular wave method, and X-ray diffractometry in the small and wide angle regions. The presence of chiral tails at the terminals of side wings in the bent-core molecules induced a decrease in transition temperature and formation of the switchable SmC* phase in the melt. In addition, the introduction of a lateral halogen substituent in the Schiff's base moiety prevented the regular stacking of the molecules, resulting in the formation of very complex optical textures. The smectic phase with F-substituted PBFDOB and Cl-substituted PBCDOB showed layer spacings of 39 and 38.5?Å, respectively, corresponding to the end-to-end distance of molecules with a bent conformation. Significantly, the smectic phases of PBFDOB and PBCDOB exhibited a period of 179.5 and 131?Å, respectively, compatible with a helical structure with periodicity about 4.6 and 3.4 times the layer spacings.     

Comparisons of the vector method and tensor method for simulating liquid crystal devices

In calculating the director configuration in a liquid crystal device, two methods are commonly employed: a vector model and a tensor model. In this paper, we compare and contrast these methods for liquid crystal devices consisting of a layer of liquid crystal sandwiched between two plates. We compare the reliability and accuracy of the results, the speed of computation and the complexity of implementations of each method.     

A study of the transition of liquid-crystal alignment from homeotropic to planar on a polyimide layer

The alignment of nematic liquid crystals by rubbed polyimide surfaces has been well-studied and developed. A novel polyimide film which induced a homeotropic alignment of the nematic liquid crystal without rubbing or with weak rubbing strength was presented. However, there was a transition from homeotropic to planar alignment of the nematic liquid crystal after strong rubbing. In order to study the transition, the polyimide surface was investigated by atomic force microscopy, surface free energy measurement and angle-resolved analysis X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy before and after rubbing with a velvet fabric. It was found that both the change of surface polarity and surface morphology were not the reasons for the transition. The droop of the side chain on the polyimide surface after the rubbing treatment was detected by angle-resolved analysis X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy. Owing to the special structure of the novel polyimide, the X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy was successfully used for the first time to analyse the conformational change of the side chain of a polymer. In conclusion, the transition of nematic liquid crystal alignment from homeotropic to planar after rubbing was influenced by the side chain conformation of the polyimide.     

Ferroelectric liquid crystals from banana-shaped achiral molecules with vinyl end groups

Banana-shaped achiral compounds, the 1,3-phenylene bis[4-(alkenyloxyphenyliminomethyl)benzoate]s, were synthesized with varying length of the alkenyl group; their ferroelectric properties are described. The smectic mesophases, including a switchable chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase, were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and the triangular wave method. The presence of vinyl groups at the ends of the linear side-wings in the banana-shaped achiral molecules, containing a Schiff's base mesogen, induced a decrease in melting temperature and formation of the switchable SmC* phase in the melt. The compound having the octenyloxy group exhibited a spontaneous polarization of 120 nC cm^?2 on reversal of an applied electric field.