如何给工科学生讲波函数(3)

本文介绍作者在华中理工大学给二年级工科学生讲波函数的思路与方法 .     

An alternative to the effective number of degrees of freedom

 In order to calculate the expanded uncertainty when one or more of the components of the standard uncertainty is based on a small number of degrees of freedom, the ISO Guide recommends utilising the 'effective number of degrees of freedom'. Calculating and utilising the 'effective number of degrees of freedom' to obtain a confidence interval both depend upon approximations, which, however, are adequate for determining an expanded uncertainty. This paper puts forward an alternative and simpler approximation which is also adequate but which is much easier to apply than the multi-step process given in the ISO Guide. Received: 2 July 1998 · Accepted: 12 August 1998     

Assessment of compliance of analytical results with regulatory or specification limits

 In some cases the compliance of a measurement result with a limit value will be unclear and a 'judgment' is required based on agreed criteria. Recent developments in the estimation of measurement uncertainty have opened up the possibility of a more rational approach to such problems. This paper briefly reviews some of the issues and current practices and suggests a pragmatic way forward. Received: 26 August 1998 · Accepted: 31 August 1998     

求扩展不确定度的模拟统计方法

不使用方和根公式,采用计算机模拟统计方法,求得扩展不确定度.     

Bidding under price uncertainty in multi-unit pay-as-bid procurement auctions for power systems reserve

In this paper a methodology for profit maximized bidding under price uncertainty in a day-ahead, multi-unit and pay-as-bid procurement auction for power systems reserve is proposed. Within this novel methodology a bidder is considered to follow a Bayes-strategy. Thereby, one bidder is assumed to behave strategically and the behavior of the remaining is summarized in a probability distribution of the market price and a reaction function to price dumping by the strategic bidder. With this approach two problems arise: First, as a pay-as-bid auction is considered, no uniform price and therefore no single probability distribution of the market price is readily available. Second, if historic bidding data of all participants are used to estimate such a distribution and market power is a relevant factor, the bid of the strategically behaving bidder is likely to influence the distribution. Within this paper for both of the problems solutions are presented. It is shown that by estimating a probability of acceptance the optimal bidding price with respect to a given capacity can be calculated by maximizing a stochastic non-linear objective function of expected profit. Taking the characteristics of recently established markets in Germany into account, the methodology is applied using exemplary data. It is shown that the methodology helps to manage existing price uncertainties and hence supports the trading decisions of a bidder. It is inferred that the developed methodology may also be used for bidding on other auction markets with a similar market design.     

用Java Applet编写大学物理实验数据处理软件

本文介绍了用Java语言编写的大学物理实验数据处理软件,此软件实现简单、操作方便、人机交互界面友好,且程序容易实现Web化。     

A dynamic Cournot–Nash game: a representation of a finitely repeated feedback game

This paper studies market outcome equivalence of two dynamic production-capital investment games under uncertainty. One is played under complete information, while the other, feedback (FB) game, is played under incomplete information about the opponents’ costs and market demand. The FB game structure may be observed in some newly initiated industries, in which a homogeneous good is exchanged via an auction mechanism. In that case, the FB game setting may predict the complete information equilibrium market outcomes.      

信息熵度量风险的探究

本文分析了风险的本质后指出,风险是某一特定行为主体对某一金融投资中损失的不确定性和收益的不确定性的认识。在众多风险度量的方法中,熵函数法有着其独特的度量风险的优势,因此,在本文中重点讨论了熵函数作为风险度量的合理性。同时提出一个新的风险度量模型,剖析其主要的数学特性,阐明该模型可以针对不同行为主体能有效地度量金融风险,并且计算量小,易于操作。     

Uncertainty of the result of TOC determination in water samples

It is becoming increasingly important to have a reliable and rapid technique for determining total organic carbon (TOC) in wastewater as procedures for wastewater purification could be better applied by knowing the amount of TOC in the wastewater. We describe here an evaluation of the uncertainties associated with TOC determinations in wastewater. TOC was determined by combustion and an infrared (IR) detection method, as described in the standard procedures of the International Organization for Standardization (1999; no. 8245). The major sources of uncertainty in the measurements were identified as being contributions from the linear least square calibration, repeatability, recovery and stability of the sample (storage conditions). A 10% relative expanded uncertainty of TOC measurement in the range of 0.2 to 500 mg L⁻¹ TOC was calculated, which also includes the uncertainty due to sampling.     

对不确定度教学难点的分析与思考

针对工科大学物理实验中不确定度教学过程中出现的难点进行分析讨论，规范不确定度分析处理模式，介绍教学中的具体做法。