Full 3D Measurement of Strain Field by Scattered Light for Analysis of Structures

The studies of structures with complex geometry or non-plane loading impose generally taking into account the mechanical volume effects. Mechanical data at the core of materials can be obtained by using special devices, generally from X-ray tomography. In this paper, we present an original volume investigation technique for transparent materials. This technique, easier to implement, does not require any complex device. It is based on scattered light by randomly distributed marks and provides three-dimensional images allowing the use of correlation technique, extended to three dimensions. The accuracy of measurement is evaluated for an imposed rigid body translation and a mechanical homogeneous loading in small and large strains. In conclusion, an example of application is presented concerning a local mechanical loading of compression in which we make a comparison with a finite element simulation.     

Bonding energy of Sylgard on fused quartz: an experimental investigation

The bonding energy between the polymer Sylgard and fused quartz is determined experimentally using a miniature bulge test combined with three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). Based on the experimental observation, Mindlin plate theory is used to compute the bonding energy (adhesive energy or surface energy) between the Sylgard and the fused quartz. The experimental results demonstrate that the combination of the miniature bulge test and the 3D-DIC provides a viable tool to directly measure interfacial and bonding properties.     

双相不锈钢循环微变形行为的原位试验研究

对双相不锈钢开展拉伸和应力循环控制下的原位试验研究,选择特征区域对其局部微变形行为的产生、分布和演化进行了研究和讨论．结果表明：双相不锈钢在较低的载荷作用下内部出现明显的应变梯度,随着拉伸载荷或循环周次的增长,其局部微应变不断增加,最大应变在奥氏体相、小晶粒、狭窄晶粒和不平整的晶界区不断汇集,同一时刻的局部最大微应变远大于宏观应变;循环载荷作用下双相不锈钢在微观尺度产生了局部微棘轮变形效应,微棘轮应变随着循环周次的增加不断累积,其增长速度逐渐降低并趋于饱和;随着循环周次的增加,最大微棘轮变形区逐渐扩展、联通形成大塑性变形带,晶粒走向呈45°方向时,变形带贯穿两相向垂直加载方向发展,而晶粒呈树根状走向时,由于受到两相交互和铁素体的阻碍作用,微棘轮变形带主要集中在奥氏体中沿着奥氏体晶粒走向发展．     

Epoxy/CNT@X nanocomposite: Improved quasi-static,dynamic fracture toughness,and conductive functionalities by non-ionic surfactant treatment

The present work investigated the effects of non-ionic surfactant treatment on the dispersibility, surface chemistry and structure of carbon nanotube (CNT) particles. Subsequently, the fracture experiments of as-prepared epoxy/CNT@X nanocomposites were carried out under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. By simply introducing the steric repulsive force between CNT@X filler and epoxy matrix, improved mode-I critical-stress-intensity factor (K_Ic) and dynamic crack initiation toughness (K_Ii^d) of the epoxy/CNT@X nanocomposite were simultaneously obtained without compromising other desired physical properties, such as electrical properties and electro-thermal behavior. In the case of SHPB impact loading, high-speed imaging along with digital-image-correlation (DIC) technology was utilized to determine dynamic fracture parameters. The results showed a notable reinforcement for the epoxy/CNT@X nanocomposite category, producing maximum increase of ~79% and ~153% in K_Ic and K_Ii^d values relative to epoxy/CNT nanocomposite at such maximum content of 1.0 wt%, respectively. The most delayed crack initiation time (59.9–68.4 μs) and slowest crack-tip velocity (229 ± 28 m/s) were also observed in the epoxy/CNT@X_1.0 case. These results may be explained by improved dispersibility and interfacial adhesion after surfactant treatment.     

A new method of three-dimensional measurement by differential interference contrast microscope

Based on weak phase approximation and the partial coherence theory, we analyze the image characteristics of a phase object using a microscope. We show that the image of the phase object is formed by the interplay between the phase distribution and the defocus.Using this theory, we also show the image characteristics of a differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope.We develop a method for extracting the phase component from the DIC image using two images with different retardation to reconstruct the phase distribution of the object. We call our new microscope a “retardation-modulated DIC (RM-DIC) microscope”. We describe the RM-DIC microscope and confirm our method using grating samples with depths of 20 and 50 nm.To measure the three-dimensional (3D) figures of the microstructures on the object using a DIC microscope we need to extract the phase component from the DIC image and to deconvolute the phase component by means of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the DIC microscope.We conclude that our RM-DIC microscope can take quantitative measurements of the phase distribution, making it a very useful tool for 3D measurement of an object’s microstructures.     

Precision verification of a simplified three-dimensional DIC method

The traditional three-dimensional (3D) digital image measurement technique uses at least two images captured from different positions to determine the 3D coordinate of an object. One disadvantage of this method is that the mechanical and optical properties of the image capture devices are not fully identical, and the calibration procedure is quite complicated. This paper introduces a simplified 3D digital image correlation (DIC) method, in which only one image capture device is used. The theoretical measurement error equation is derived and experimentally verified. Experimental results show that distortion correction plays an important role in the improvement of measurement precision. After a radial distortion correction, the measurement precision of the object distance can reach 0.0043%. The optimal camera spacing should be set from 1/50 to 1/30 of the object distance, to obtain a satisfactory precision.     

Speckle pattern quality assessment for digital image correlation

To perform digital image correlation (DIC), each image is divided into groups of pixels known as subsets or interrogation cells. Larger interrogation cells allow greater strain precision but reduce the spatial resolution of the data field. As such the spatial resolution and measurement precision of DIC are limited by the resolution of the image. In the paper the relationship between the size and density of speckles within a pattern is presented, identifying that the physical properties of a pattern have a large influence on the measurement precision which can be obtained. These physical properties are often overlooked by pattern assessment criteria which focus on the global image information content. To address this, a robust morphological methodology using edge detection is devised to evaluate the physical properties of different speckle patterns with image resolutions from 23 to 705 pixels/mm. Trends predicted from the pattern property analysis are assessed against simulated deformations identifying how small changes to the application method can result in large changes in measurement precision. An example of the methodology is included to demonstrate that the pattern properties derived from the analysis can be used to indicate pattern quality and hence minimise DIC measurement errors. Experiments are described that were conducted to validate the findings of morphological assessment and the error analysis.     

Experimental investigation on surface deformation of soft half plane indented by rigid wedge

In this work, the mechanical behavior of a block of soft material subject to large deformation from a series of wedge-shaped indenters is evaluated. Data fields acquired from digital image correlation (DIC) are compared with the existing theoretical models. The slope angles of the wedges vary from 5° to 73.5°, and the minimum measurement uncertainties of the DIC system are established in advance to define the accuracy. It is concluded that the assumptions underpinning the analytical theory make it difficult to characterize large deformation of soft materials during contact. The strain fields are also obtained from the measured displacement field and verify the previously postulated existence of two deformation sectors, namely, a so-called shrinkage sector symmetric to the loading axis and an expansion sector, which become smaller with the increasing load and decreasing wedge angle.     

数字图像相关测试技术在霍普金森杆加载实验中的应用

本文利用三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)测试技术,在Hopkinson bar加载条件下测试铝合金动态拉伸力学性能以及TC4合金Ⅱ型裂纹的起裂时间和冲击载荷下的失稳扩展速度。两台高速相机保证了被测物体的三维成像,校准板技术使得所测试的应变-时间历程定量化。利用数据处理软件能够得到关注区内每一点的位移-时间历程、应变-时间历程及主应变等。同时,针对TC4材料的动态断裂过程,三维数字图像相关技术能够实时地记录预制疲劳裂纹的张开、裂纹尖端起裂、裂纹分叉扩展、失稳传播等各个阶段,为动态断裂韧性的确定提供了有力工具。     

Importance of aging to dehydration shrinkage of human dentin

There is an increase in the mineral content of human dentin with aging.Due to the consequent changes in the mineral to the collagen ratio,this process may influence the degree of hydrogen bonding that occurs with the loss of water and the extent of shrinkage as a result of dehydration.Thus,the objective of this investigation is to quantify the differences in the dehydration shrinkage of human dentin with patient age.Specimens of coronal dentin are prepared from the molars of young(23 age 34) and old(52 age 62) patients,and then maintained in storage solutions of water or hanks balanced salt solutions(HBSS).Dimensional changes of the dentin specimens occurring over periods of free convection are evaluated by using the microscopic digital image correlation(DIC).The results distinguish that the shrinkage of the young dentin is significantly larger than that of the old dentin,regardless of the orientation and period of the storage.The strains parallel to the tubules increase with proximity to the dentin enamel junction(DEJ),whereas the shrinkage strains in the transverse direction are the largest in the deep dentin(i.e.,near the pulp).The degree of anisotropy in the shrinkage increases from the pulp to the DEJ,and is the largest in the young dentin.