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991.
General purpose poly(styrene) is a large volume commodity polymer widely used in a range of applications. For many of these the presence of an additive to impart some flammability resistance is required. Most commonly, brominated aromatics are used for this purpose. As the polymer undergoes combustion these compounds decompose to generate bromine atoms and/or hydrogen bromide which escape to the gas phase and trap flame propagating radicals. While these species are effective in inhibiting flame propagation they present the opportunity for loss of halogen to the atmosphere. For this reason, the use of these compounds is being limited in some parts of the world. Phosphorus compounds, on the other had, impart a flame retarding influence by promoting char formation at the surface of the burning polymer. This prevents heat feedback to the polymer and consequent pyrolysis to generate fuel fragments. The combination of both bromine and phosphorus present in a single compound might generate a superior flame-retarding additive in that both modes of retardancy might be promoted simultaneously. Should this be the case smaller amounts of additive might be necessary to achieve a satisfactory level of flame retardancy. A series of such additives, brominated aryl phosphates, has been synthesized and fully characterized spectroscopically. Blends of these additives, at various levels, with poly(styrene) have been examined by DSC, TG and in the UL-94 flame test. The flammability of the polymer is dramatically diminished by the presence of the additive.  相似文献   
992.
Efficient vectorial processes such as the transduction of bioenergy and signals are characteristics that strikingly distinguish living systems from inanimate materials. Recent developments in biophysical and biochemical techniques have provided new information about the structure, dynamics and interaction of biomolecules involved in vectorial life processes at multiple length and temporal scales. This wealth of data makes it possible to carry out theoretical and computational studied of key mechanistic questions associated with complex life processes at an unprecedented level. Using two “vectorial biomolecular machines”, myosin and cytochrome c oxidase, as examples, we discuss the identification of interesting and biologically relevant questions that require thorough theoretical analysis. Technical challenges and recent progress related to these theoretical investigations are briefly summarized  相似文献   
993.
Our purpose is to characterize the multiparameter Gaussian processes, that is Gaussian sheets, that are equivalent in law to the Brownian sheet and to the fractional Brownian sheet. We survey multiparameter analogues of the Hitsuda, Girsanov and Shepp representations. As an application, we study a special type of stochastic equation with linear noise.   相似文献   
994.
995.
A way of determining the flexibility of wood-pulp fibres is developed, which involves i) a precise measurement of the topology of single-fibres by using a confocal laser scanning microscope and ii) the measurement of the elastic modulus of the fibres by using a single-fibre fatigue cell. Reported in this paper are the initial results of tests carried out on black spruce fibres, which have been subjected to three different levels of mechanical refining energy, namely ∼1100, 2300, and 3500 kWh/t. It is found that the fibre flexibility rises significantly between the first and second energy levels, but it does not change to the same degree between the second and third ones. The described procedure of measuring the flexibility of fibres may be used to establish the appropriate refiner energy necessary for the production of a specific grade of paper. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 115–128, January–February, 2006.  相似文献   
996.
萨宁  康晋锋  杨红  刘晓彦  张兴  韩汝琦 《物理学报》2006,55(3):1419-1423
研究了HfN/HfO2高K栅结构p型金属-氧化物-半导体(MOS)晶体管(MOSFET)中,负 偏置-温度应力引起的阈值电压不稳定性(NBTI)特征.HfN/HfO2高K栅结构的等效 氧化层厚度(EOT)为1.3nm,内含原生缺陷密度较低.研究表明,由于所制备的HfN/HfO2 高K栅结构具有低的原生缺陷密度,因此在p-MOSFET器件中观察到的NBTI属HfN/HfO2高K栅结构的本征特征,而非工艺缺陷引起的;进一步研究表明,该HfN/HfO2高K栅结构中观察到的NBTI与传统的SiO2基栅介质p-MOSFET器件中观察 到的NBTI具有类似的特征,可以被所谓的反应-扩散(R-D)模型表征: HfN/HfO2 栅结构p-MOSFET器件的NBTI效应的起源可以归为衬底注入空穴诱导的界面反应机理,即在负 偏置和温度应力作用下,从Si衬底注入的空穴诱导了Si衬底界面Si-H键断裂这一化学反应的 发生,并由此产生了Si陷阱在Si衬底界面的积累和H原子在介质层内部的扩散 ,这种Si陷阱的界面积累和H原子的扩散导致了器件NBTI效应的发生. 关键词: 高K栅介质 负偏置-温度不稳定性(NBTI) 反应-扩散(R-D)模型  相似文献   
997.
A differential pulse polarographic method for the determination of nitrate ion has been developed. With 0.5 M CaCl2 as supporting electrolyte, NO?3 is reduced to give a peak with E1/2=–1.836 Volt vs. the Ag/AgCl electrode. The differential pulse polarographic peak height is proportional to the nitrate concentration from 20 to 60 ppm. The detection limit for nitrate is 2 ppm in pure aqueous solution. In the determination of 40 ppm nitrate a relative precision (relative standard deviation) of less than 2% was achieved. Nitrite interferes seriously and should be absent if accurate results are required. The method has been applied to the determination of nitrate in Ammonium Uranyl Tricarbonate (AUT) Solution, results obtained by this method are compared to those obtained by ion chromatography. The agreement between the two sets of results suggests that the DPP method can be used with a fair degree of confidence.  相似文献   
998.
We study large deviation principles for Gaussian processes lifted to the free nilpotent group of step N. We apply this to a large class of Gaussian processes lifted to geometric rough paths. A large deviation principle for enhanced (fractional) Brownian motion, in Hölder- or modulus topology, appears as special case.  相似文献   
999.
绕圆柱体自由表面磁流体流动和传热的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文对在不同雷诺数下,绕圆柱体的磁流体自由表面流动及传热进行了模拟,分析了磁场对绕流圆柱尾迹和涡分离的影响,获得了两种雷诺数下的电磁力密度、流场和温度场分布。结果表明,磁场不仅影响了流动的形态,而且对湍流有抑制作用,降低了自由表面的更新机制,从而减少了传热能力;在相同的Hartmann数下,相比低雷诺数下的流动换热情况,高雷诺数下的湍流不能被完全抑制,自由表面与尾迹的相互作用也较强,因而自由表面换热也较强。  相似文献   
1000.
The Dirac equation is solved for two novel terms which describe the interaction energy between the half-integral spin of a fermion and the classical, circularly polarized, electromagnetic field. A simple experiment is suggested to test the new terms and the existence of radiation-induced fermion resonance.  相似文献   
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