Preparation and flammability of a novel intumescent flame-retardant poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) system

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant, 4-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yloxymethyl)-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phospha-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-oxide (MOPO), was synthesized successfully and characterized. The flame retardancy and thermal behavior of a new intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system for EVA, which was made of MOPO and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimeter, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). An LOI value of 28.4 and UL-94 V-0 rating can be achieved when the total loading of MOPO and APP was 30 wt.%. The results from cone calorimeter indicate that both the heat release rate (HRR) and the total heat release (THR) of IFR-EVA decreased significantly compared with those of neat EVA. TG curves showed that the amount of residues increased significantly when intumescent additives were added; it also could be found that the LOI values increased with the increase in char residues. Meanwhile, morphology of the residues obtained from burning IFR-EVA in LOI test was studied through the SEM observations and rich compact char layers could explain the excellent flame retardance.     

Effect of stress on the fire reaction properties of polymer composite laminates

A small-scale loading frame was used to apply tensile and compressive stresses to glass vinyl ester and glass polyester laminates in a cone calorimeter under a heat flux of 75 kW m⁻². It was found, for the first time, that stress has a small but significant effect on the fire reaction properties. Increasing tensile stress increased heat release rate and smoke production while shortening the time-to-ignition. Compressive stress had the reverse effect. This was attributed to the fact that tensile stress promotes the formation of matrix microcracks, facilitating the evolution of flammable volatiles. This hypothesis is further supported by the observation that stress has the greatest effect on the early heat and smoke release peaks, with a lower effect on the final ‘run-out’ values.Stress rupture (time-to-failure) curves were produced for tension and compression. In tension, the behaviour was fibre dominated, with times-to-failure being roughly 10 times those in compression. Compressive failure involved resin dominated local fibre kinking, initiated near to the rear face of the specimen. The failure time was determined by a significant proportion of the specimen reaching its glass transition temperature.     

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of symmetric positive solutions of singular boundary value problems

Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of symmetric positive solutions to the boundary value problem

     

COUPLED FIXED POINTS OF SKEW INCREASING OPERATORS AND APPLICATIONS

1Intr0ducti0nIllthisPaPerwestudythefordpointsandcouPledfiXedpointsofskewincreasing0PeratorsandtheiraPplicaion.LetXbeaBanachsPaCcwithapartialorderingintr0ducedbythcc0neK-LctF:X-Xbean0peraorinX.FiscaJledinCreasingifF2SFgf0raJl2Sy.Asiswellkllown,inthetheorerns0fhapointforincreasingoPerbo,thereisaninterestinginterreboi0nbetweenPr0pertiesofKandF,thatisThoorem1l1I'I2ILetXbeaBanachpee,partiaJlyorderedbythecolleKGX.Let[a,b]beanordeintervalandF:[a,b]- [a,b]increasin.ThenFhasabop0intif0…     

用锥形量热仪研究聚乙烯膨胀阻燃体系的燃烧性

利用锥形量热仪在50kW·m^-2热辐照条件下,研究了含淀粉膨胀阻燃线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)体系的燃烧性,获得了最大热释放速率、总热释放、有效燃烧热、最大烟产生速率、总烟释放量及质量损失速度等参数.实验结果表明:含淀粉膨胀阻燃剂能明显降低LLDPE的热释放速率、总热释放和有效燃烧热,淀粉作为膨胀型阻燃剂中的成炭剂,可以部分代替季戊四醇,而对热释放速率影响不大,达到了阻燃和降低成本的目的.该膨胀体系使烟释放变得缓慢,但总烟释放量明显增大.在燃烧时使LLDPE更早地发生热降解,但热降解速度变得缓慢.     

Polymer nanocomposites using zinc aluminum and magnesium aluminum oleate layered double hydroxides: Effects of the polymeric compatibilizer and of composition on the thermal and fire properties of PP/LDH nanocomposites

A series of five oleate-containing layered double hydroxides with varied ratios of zinc to magnesium, i.e., with the general formula Zn_2−yMg_yAl(OH)₆ [CH₃(CH₂)₇CHCH(CH₂)₇COO]·nH₂O, were synthesized and used to prepare nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP). The nanomaterials were characterized by elemental analysis, attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while the composites were characterized by XRD, TGA, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cone calorimetry. The zinc-containing LDH showed better dispersion in the polymer at the micrometer level than did the magnesium-containing LDH while both are equally well-dispersed at the nanometer level. The magnesium-containing composites led to more thermally stable systems in TGA experiments, while the zinc systems gave greater reductions in heat release rate during combustion. Dispersion was also affected by the amount of PP-g-MA which was present. More PP-g-MA gave better dispersion and a significantly reduced peak heat release rate, i.e., enhanced fire performance.     

Remark on cone semistrictly preinvex functions

In this paper, we consider the cone semistrictly preinvex function introduced by Peng and Zhu (J Inequal Appl 93532:1–14, 2006). The relationship between cone semistrictly preinvex functions and cone preinvex functions is investigated. A property of the cone semistrictly preinvex function is obtained.     

A Note On Kalmanson Matrices ∗

In this note we derive an additive characterization of Kalmanson matrices by investigating the cone of this matrix class. With the help of this characterization, a simple proof for a result obtained by Kalmanson (1975) on the symmetric travelling salesman problem is presented. Moreover, this characterization can also be used to generate distance matrices for which the optimal solution is known in advance     

Coupled common fixed point theorems for w-compatible mappings in ordered cone metric spaces

We establish coupled coincidence point results for mixed g-monotone mappings under general contractive conditions in partially ordered cone metric spaces over solid cones. We also present results on existence and uniqueness of coupled common fixed points. Our results generalize, extend and unify several well known comparable results in the literature. To illustrate our results and to distinguish them from the earlier ones, we equip the paper with examples.     

半线性三阶差分方程边值问题的非负解

该文研究了一类半线性三阶差分方程边值问题Δ３ｕ（ｔ）＋ａ（ｔ）ｆ（ｕ（ｔ））＝０,２≤Ｔ≤Ｔ＋２,ｕ（０）＝ｕ（１）＝ｕ（Ｔ＋３）＝０的非负解,得到了该方程在锥与环形域相交部分非负解的存在性,包含、改近和推广了文［３,４,５,６］的主要结果．