原子荧光光谱法测定砷过程中还原反应条件的优化

自然界中砷和砷的化合物一般可通过水、大气和食物等途径进入人体,危害人体健康,原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量被广泛应用。为准确测定样品中砷的含量,以原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定土壤中总砷含量为例,重点研究高价态砷(Ⅴ)还原为低价态砷(Ⅲ)的实验条件,采用正交实验进行条件优化,建立适合的实验方法。通过设计L9(34)正交实验,高价态砷的还原反应与四个因素有关,即与反应温度、反应时间、盐酸加入量和硫脲的用量呈一定的正相关,结果表明,四个因素中硫脲用量的影响最为显著,其次是盐酸加入量、反应时间和反应温度。通过对四个因素的多水平检验,优化后的实验条件为：硫脲用量2.0 mL、盐酸加入量10%、反应时间20 min、温度20～35 ℃(即普通室温)。采用土壤标准物质验证优化后条件的可行性,得出砷的测定值在标准值范围内,RSD在2.2%～4.2%,精密度和准确性均满足质控要求。优化后的实验条件使得操作简便易行,提高了工作效率。     

Efficient Oxidation of Cyclohexane over Bulk Nickel Oxide under Mild Conditions

Nickel oxide powder was prepared by simple calcination of nickel nitrate hexahydrate at 500 °C for 5 h and used as a catalyst for the oxidation of cyclohexane to produce the cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol—KA oil. Molecular oxygen (O₂), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), t-butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP) and meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) were evaluated as oxidizing agents under different conditions. m-CPBA exhibited higher catalytic activity compared to other oxidants. Using 1.5 equivalent of m-CPBA as an oxygen donor agent for 24 h at 70 °C, in acetonitrile as a solvent, NiO powder showed exceptional catalytic activity for the oxidation of cyclohexane to produce KA oil. Compared to different catalytic systems reported in the literature, for the first time, about 85% of cyclohexane was converted to products, with 99% KA oil selectivity, including around 87% and 13% selectivity toward cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, respectively. The reusability of NiO catalyst was also investigated. During four successive cycles, the conversion of cyclohexane and the selectivity toward cyclohexanone were decreased progressively to 63% and 60%, respectively, while the selectivity toward cyclohexanol was increased gradually to 40%.     

水润滑高速动静压轴承试验研究

研究了动静压轴承在水介质润滑和高速、高压极端工况条件下,最小液膜厚度和流量等性能参数的变化情况,并将其与理论预测结果进行比较.结果表明,水润滑动静压轴承在高速时能够稳定运行,且形成完整的润滑液膜,没有出现明显的汽化及汽蚀现象,试验后轴承表面涂层基本完好.试验结果显示出轴承的承载能力和流量主要取决于供水压力,这与理论预测结果基本一致.     

CeO2修饰Ni3S2纳米片用于高效电催化析氧

电化学水分解制氢作为重要的生产氢能的新能源技术,包括氢气析出反应(HER)和氧气析出反应(OER).然而,OER进行的是多步电子转移过程,动力学过程缓慢且过电位高,严重制约了电解水制氢的发展.因此开发低成本、高效稳定的非贵金属催化剂替代贵金属催化剂(RuO2,IrO2)来降低过电位,减少能源消耗十分必要.Ni3S2由于...     

A primitive-variable Riemann method for solution of the shallow water equations with wetting and drying

A Riemann flux that uses primitive variables rather than conserved variables is developed for the shallow water equations with nonuniform bathymetry. This primitive-variable flux is both conservative and well behaved at zero depth. The unstructured finite-volume discretization used is suitable for highly nonuniform grids that provide resolution of complex geometries and localized flow structures. A source-term discretization is derived for nonuniform bottom that balances the discrete flux integral both for still water and in dry regions. This primitive-variable formulation is uniformly valid in wet and dry regions with embedded wetting and drying fronts. A fully nonlinear implicit scheme and both nonlinear and time-linearized explicit schemes are developed for the time integration. The implicit scheme is solved by a parallel Newton-iterative algorithm with numerically computed flux Jacobians. A concise treatment of characteristic-variable boundary conditions with source terms is also given. Computed results obtained for the one-dimensional dam break on wet and dry beds and for normal-mode oscillations in a circular parabolic basin are in very close agreement with the analytical solutions. Other results for a forced breaking wave with friction interacting with a sloped bottom demonstrate a complex wave motion with wetting, drying and multiple interacting wave fronts. Finally, a highly nonuniform, coastline-conforming unstructured grid is used to demonstrate an unsteady simulation that models an artificial coastal flooding due to a forced wave entering the Gulf of Mexico.     

Computer Simulation of a 3-D Sensing System with Structured Illumination

A computer simulation system of three-dimensional sensing with structured illumination is presented. It includes the generation of deformed fringe patterns from 3-D shapes and the reconstruction of 3-D shapes, conversely. Some experimental results of the deformed fringe pattern and the reconstructed object shapes are presented. We have also discussed the effect of some major system parameters on the measurement results and considered how to correct these parameters according to the measurement result of the standard plane. Using this simulation system, the major system parameters: environmental conditions, measurement accuracy and algorithm evaluation of the 3-D shape measurement system based on PMP, FTP, SPM, etc., can be researched. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.     

A generic framework for time-stepping partial differential equations (PDEs): general linear methods,object-oriented implementation and application to fluid problems

Time-stepping algorithms and their implementations are a critical component within the solution of time-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs). In this article, we present a generic framework – both in terms of algorithms and implementations – that allows an almost seamless switch between various explicit, implicit and implicit–explicit (IMEX) time-stepping methods. We put particular emphasis on how to incorporate time-dependent boundary conditions, an issue that goes beyond classical ODE theory but which plays an important role in the time-stepping of the PDEs arising in computational fluid dynamics. Our algorithm is based upon J.C. Butcher's unifying concept of general linear methods that we have extended to accommodate the family of IMEX schemes that are often used in engineering practice. In the article, we discuss design considerations and present an object-oriented implementation. Finally, we illustrate the use of the framework by applications to a model problem as well as to more complex fluid problems.     

Toward low‐noise synthetic turbulent inflow conditions for aeroacoustic calculations

The accuracy of boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics is a well‐known challenge, due in part to the necessity of truncating the flow domain and replacing the analytical boundary conditions at infinity with numerical boundary conditions. In particular, the inflow boundary condition involving turbulent velocity or scalar fields is likely to introduce spurious waves into the domain, therefore degrading the flow behavior and deteriorating the physical acoustic waves. In this work, a method to generate low‐noise, divergence‐free, synthetic turbulence for inflow boundary conditions is proposed. It relies on the classical view of turbulence as a superposition of random eddies convected with the mean flow. Within the proposed model, the vector potential and the requirement that the individual eddies must satisfy the linearized momentum equations about the mean flow are used. The model is tested using isolated eddies convected through the inflow boundary and an experimental benchmark data for spatially decaying isotropic turbulence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using staggered grids with characteristic boundary conditions when solving compressible reactive Navier–Stokes equations

A specific (hybrid) arrangement of variables is discussed to solve reactive compressible Navier–Stokes equations on staggered‐like grids with high‐order finite difference schemes. The objective is to improve the numerical flow solution at boundaries. Hybrid arrangement behaviour is compared with ‘pure’ colocated and staggered strategies. Classical Fourier analysis shows accuracy to be significantly improved in the hybrid case. One‐dimensional laminar flame test demonstrates increased robustness (in terms of mesh resolution), whereas computation of 1D exiting pressure wave propagation gives evidence that the method also improves accuracy in the prediction of non‐reflecting outflows, compared e.g. with the fully staggered scheme of (J. Comput. Phy. 2003). Multidimensional extension is illustrated through turbulent 2D planar and 3D expanding flames simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Far-Red Dibenzo[a,j]Perylene-8,16-Dione Dyes as Fluorescent Enzyme Substrates and Tags for Biomolecules

The synthesis of fluorescent 2,10-derivatives of the title chromophore are described. The substituents contain amino-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimde ester and thiol-reactive iodoacetamide groups for attachment to biomolecules. A phosphate derivative was also prepared as an enzyme substrate.