Periodic shock-emission from acoustically driven cavitation clouds: A source of the subharmonic signal

Single clouds of cavitation bubbles, driven by 254 kHz focused ultrasound at pressure amplitudes in the range of 0.48–1.22 MPa, have been observed via high-speed shadowgraphic imaging at 1 × 10⁶ frames per second. Clouds underwent repetitive growth, oscillation and collapse (GOC) cycles, with shock-waves emitted periodically at the instant of collapse during each cycle. The frequency of cloud collapse, and coincident shock-emission, was primarily dependent on the intensity of the focused ultrasound driving the activity. The lowest peak-to-peak pressure amplitude of 0.48 MPa generated shock-waves with an average period of 7.9 ± 0.5 μs, corresponding to a frequency of f₀/2, half-harmonic to the fundamental driving. Increasing the intensity gave rise to GOC cycles and shock-emission periods of 11.8 ± 0.3, 15.8 ± 0.3, 19.8 ± 0.2 μs, at pressure amplitudes of 0.64, 0.92 and 1.22 MPa, corresponding to the higher-order subharmonics of f₀/3, f₀/4 and f₀/5, respectively. Parallel passive acoustic detection, filtered for the fundamental driving, revealed features that correlated temporally to the shock-emissions observed via high-speed imaging, p(two-tailed) < 0.01 (r = 0.996, taken over all data). Subtracting the isolated acoustic shock profiles from the raw signal collected from the detector, demonstrated the removal of subharmonic spectral peaks, in the frequency domain. The larger cavitation clouds (>200 μm diameter, at maximum inflation), that developed under insonations of peak-to-peak pressure amplitudes >1.0 MPa, emitted shock-waves with two or more fronts suggesting non-uniform collapse of the cloud. The observations indicate that periodic shock-emissions from acoustically driven cavitation clouds provide a source for the cavitation subharmonic signal, and that shock structure may be used to study intra-cloud dynamics at sub-microsecond timescales.     

Energy partitioning in laser-induced millimeter-sized spherical cavitation up to the fourth oscillation

To investigate the energy partitioning up to the fourth oscillation of a millimeter-scale spherical cavitation bubble induced by laser, we used nanosecond laser pulses to generate highly spherical cavitation bubbles and shadowgraphs to measure the radius-time curve. Using the extended Gilmore model and considering the continuous condensation of the vapor in the bubble, the time evolution of the bubble radius, bubble wall velocity, and pressure in the bubble is calculated till the 4th oscillation. Using Kirkwood-Bethe hypothesis, the evolution of velocity and pressure of shock wave at the optical breakdown, the first and second collapses are calculated. The shock wave energy at the breakdown and bubble collapse is directly calculated by numerical method. We found the simulated radius-time curve fits well with experimental data for the first four oscillations. The energy partition at the breakdown is the same as that in previous studies, the ratio of shock wave energy to bubble energy is about 2:1. In the first collapse and the second collapse, the ratio of shock wave energy to bubble energy is 14.54:1 and 2.81:1 respectively. In the third and fourth collapses, the ratio is less, namely than 1.5:1 and 0.42:1 respectively. The formation mechanism of the shock wave at the collapse is analyzed. The breakdown shock wave is mainly driven by the expansion of the supercritical liquid resulting from the thermalization of the energy of the free electrons in the plasma, and the collapse shock wave is mainly driven by the compressed liquid around the bubble.     

确定实际极限载荷的零曲率准则

本文提出一种确定实际极限载荷的零曲率准则.做了六个球壳—接管钢制模型试验.利用这些试验结果和取自其它文献的试验数据对新准则和已被提出的各种准则进行了比较、讨论.结果表明:(1)零曲率点是实验曲线上的一个特征点,新准则是一种不含任意人为系数的客观准则.(2)用新准则确定的极限载荷的分散性比其他准则为小.     

Leaning towers

Masonry, as a unilateral material, can resist compressive stresses but has feeble tensile strength. A masonry wall or tower, subjected to uneven foundation settlements, will crack, and these cracks may lead to overall structural collapse. Of particular interest is the leaning tower, in which a fissure (of a shape to be determined) develops progressively up to the point of critical stability. A practical rule is developed for the maximum inclination that may be regarded as safe for a masonry tower.

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Sommario La muratura, materiale a comportamento unilaterale, puo' sopportare sforzi di compressione ma ha una modesta resistenza a trazione. Una parete od una torre in muratura, soggette a cedimenti fondali, si fessurano e tali lesioni possono condurre al collasso globale. Un caso di particolare interesse e' quello di una torre inclinata nella quale una lesione (la cui forma e' da determinare) si sviluppa progressivamente fino al punto di stabilita' critica. Nel presente studio si sviluppa un criterio pratico di sicurezza per la massima inclinazione ammissibile per una torre in muratura.

     

黄土的孔隙与湿陷性研究

实验资料表明，0.02-0.08mm之间的架空孔隙是引起极强湿陷和强湿陷的主要原因；0.008-0.02mm之间的支架孔隙是引起中等湿陷和弱湿陷的主要原因；不同湿陷性的黄土孔隙组合不同，极强湿陷和强湿陷黄土的突出特点是架空孔隙组合成网格状；湿陷后减少的孔隙数量在0.8-20%之间；宏观孔隙对湿陷也有一定影响；黄土的湿陷性是在干旱与半干旱地区的土壤化过程中产生的。     

Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films of 1-acyl-1,2,4-triazoles

New 1-acyl-1,2,4-triazoles (ATs) with different n-alkyl chain lengths from C2 to C18 were synthesized. ATs with long n-alkyl chains (C12 and larger) are non-charged amphiphilic molecules with a polar triazole head group. The Langmuir isotherms of ATs at the air–water interface with 12 (DoT-C12), 14 (MyT-C14), 16 (PaT-C16) and 18 (StT-C18) carbon atoms in their n-alkyl chains were studied using surface pressure-mean molecular area (π-mmA) measurements. Characteristic for the Langmuir isotherms of PaT-C16 and StT-C-18 was the first sharp increase of the surface pressure at a mmA value of 20 Å² marking a transition of the ATs from the gaseous state with n-alkyl chains already oriented perpendicular to the water surface to a condensed state. The collapse of the monolayers occurred between 20 and 36 mN m⁻¹ with a typical ‘spike’ in the isotherms of MyT-C14, PaT-C16 and StT-C18 which can be assigned to the buckling and subsequent folding of the monolayer. After the collapse point a pseudo-plateau region of slightly increasing surface pressure appeared for all ATs from C12 to C18 indicating a trilayer formation by the roll-over mechanism for MyT-C14, PaT-C16 and StT-C18. Upon further compression the final collapse occurred at π values between 59 and 67 mN m⁻¹. From reversibility studies it was found that the Langmuir isotherms of the ATs were irreversible. The morphology of Langmuir–Blodgett films of ATs transferred onto silicon wafers was studied by atomic force microscopy.     

Phase separation in dilute solutions of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)

The appearance of spherical particles resulting from phase separation in dilute solutions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) has been observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The particles have a relatively narrow size distribution. The size of particles increases with increasing concentration of polymer, and decreasing heating speed. Electron microscopy confirms the existence of spherical particles with size and polydispersity in agreement with DLS.     

强激发二能级原子双光子过程的量子特性

本文用数值计算研究了强激发二能级原子双光子过程粒子数反转的崩塌与复苏性质和光子统计演化,结果发现,至于崩塌与复苏的性质与低激发情况不同,将随着工值的不断增大,场与原子的非线性耦合越来越强,重复地出现复苏收缩现象.     

Collapse transition and cyclomatic number distribution of directed lattice animals

We computed the specific heat of directed lattice animals using a Monte Carlo method for various animals sizesN, withN up to 100 on the square andN up to 125 on the simple cubic lattices. The specific heat as a function of the temperature for various animal sizes exhibits peaks which seem to approach a collapse transition temperature monotonically from below with increasingN. A least square fit together with finite-size scaling then gives both the transition temperature T_c and the specific heat exponent for these two lattices. The cyclomatic number distributions for the number of animals with fixed animal sizeN are also calculated and these seem to obey a scaling law for largeN. On leave from Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.