半硬半软岩隧道塌方的力学特性及处理方法分析

由于蛟岭隧道出口横断面一半为硬岩,结构完整,而另一半为软岩,为风化岩层,且较为破碎,所以在隧道开挖时,硬岩一侧刚度较大,变形较小,自稳能力大;软岩一侧与之相反,遇水软化,流变性明显,所以在软硬岩交界面处,产生滑移,导致塌方,从而在软岩一侧采取了地表加固和掌子面管棚注浆的处理,形成了与硬岩接近的强度,使隧道周围形成一个承载环,并对处理段进行了监测,监测数据分析表明处理后迅速达到稳定。     

Analytical modeling and finite element simulation of the plastic collapse of sandwich beams with pin-reinforced foam cores

Analytical predictions are presented for the plastic collapse strength of lightweight sandwich beams having pin-reinforced foam cores that are loaded in 3-point bending. Both polymer and aluminum foam cores are considered, whilst the facesheet and the pins are made of either composite or metal. Four different failure modes are account for: metal facesheet yield or composite facesheet microbuckling, facesheet wrinkling, plastic shear of the core, and facesheet indentation beneath the loading rollers. A micromechanics-based model is developed and combined with the homogenization approach to calculate the effective properties of pin-reinforced foam cores. To calculate the elastic buckling strength of pin reinforcements, the pin-reinforced foam core is treated as assemblies of simply supported columns resting upon an elastic foundation. Minimum mass design of the sandwich is then obtained as a function of the prescribed structural load index, subjected to the constraint that none of the above failure modes occurs. Collapse mechanism maps are constructed and compared with the failure maps of foam-cored sandwich beams without pin reinforcements. Finite element simulations are carried out to verify the analytical model and to study the performance and failure mechanisms of the sandwich subject to loading types other than 3-point bending. The results demonstrate that the weaker the foam is, the more optimal the pin-reinforced foam core becomes, and that sandwich beams with pin-reinforced polymer foam cores are structurally more efficient than foam- or truss-cored sandwich beams.     

A new model for wrinkling and collapse analysis of membrane inflated beam

A new model is proposed to accurately predict the wrinkling and collapse loads of a membrane inflated beam. In this model, the pressure effects are considered and a modified factor is introduced to obtain an accurate prediction. The former is achieved by modifying the pressure-related structural parameters based on elastic small strain considerations, and the modified factor is determined by our test data. Compared with previous models and our test data, the present model, named as shell-membrane model, can accurately predict the wrinkling and collapse loads of membrane inflated beams.     

端基附壁高分子模型链的塌缩转变

借MonteCarlo和模拟退火方法研究了端基附壁高分子尾形链在不同温度下的形态变化 ,链的模型采用有最近邻相互吸引作用的自避行走 .计算机实验结果表明 ,对于端基附壁的高分子尾形链 ,与自由链一样 ,当温度逐渐降低时高分子链会发生从松散的无规线团到紧密球体的塌缩转变 .计算机模拟得到了端基附壁链的均方末端距及其分量 ,均方回转半径及分布随温度的变化 .由于刚性壁的影响 ,使得有限链长的高分子尾形链与自由链相比 ,其表示链尺寸 温度关系的曲线要稍低 .模拟还发现 ,在高温时壁对链形状的影响比较大 ,壁垂直方向上尺寸明显大于平行方向的尺寸 ,后者接近于自由链的尺寸分量 .然而 ,低于θ温度时 ,尤其是完全塌缩之后 ,壁对链形状的影响已经很小 .     

简立方格点自避行走所模拟的高分子链吸附和塌缩

采用复合Markov链法,针对简立方格点上的自避行走模型,研究了同时具有对壁的吸附作用ε1和最近邻相互作用ε2的高分子链的热力学性质.相互作用能量参数ε1和ε2分别联系于参数α和β.令链长N=100,由这种Monte Carlo方法可得出链的自由能FN (α ,β),热容2FN(α,β)/2α和2FN(α,β)/2β,吸附点平均数〈m〉/N,最近邻相互作用对平均数〈n〉/N和均方末端距对壁的垂直分量RZ2.除已有方法由热容数据可绘出α-β相图外,建议由结构参数〈m〉/N ,〈n〉/N和RZ2绘制相图,并发现二者基本一致.所得相图表明,存在4个相区,分别是解吸-膨胀相(DE),吸附-膨胀相(AE),解吸-紧密相(DC)和吸附 -紧密相(AC).在伸展区和塌缩区,随着吸附作用的增强,会出现吸附相转变.在解吸区和吸附区,随着自相互作用的增大,也将出现塌缩相转变.相图出现了两个三相点,即AE-AC-DC三相点和AE-DE-D C三相点.     

Dynamics of a cavitation bubble near a solid surface and the induced damage

Numerical and experimental studies of the dynamics of a cavitating bubble near a resilient metal surface were performed. To augment the experimental flow visualizations of a collapsing bubble, numerical simulations were conducted to more thoroughly identify the collapse dynamics and analyze the flow. A bubble collapse was captured using a high-speed camera and back illumination. The metal sample was made of pure aluminum placed near a collapsing cavitation bubble at various distances from the metal surface. Width, depth, and volume of the induced material deformations were measured using an optical microscope and a three-dimensional profilometer and then compared against existing experimental data from the literature. The cavitating bubble’s dynamics and the related flow were simulated numerically using the open source finite volume based flow solver CavitatingFOAM. This code solved the Navier–Stokes equations for compressible two-phase flows using an Euler–Euler approach, including the barotropic equations of state. Bubble shapes, collapse times, and obtained damage parameters were compared to experimental observations. Impact velocities, pressures, shear rates, and various flow phenomena were discussed, providing broad insight into bubble dynamics and the induced damage.     

Analytical solution for the collapse motion of an empty hyper-spherical bubble in N dimensions

The Rayleigh-Plesset equation including the surface tension for the collapse motion of an empty hyper-spherical bubble is considered. Firstly, the collapse time is derived. Secondly, a direct approach based on polynomial function is proposed and employed to construct the analytical solution for this case. It is shown that, when the surface tension is zero, the obtained analytical solution is equivalent to the known one but in a different form. In addition, we also discuss the influences of the relevant physical parameters on the collapse motion.     

Thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble investigated by pseudopotential and thermal MRT-LBM

The thermodynamic of cavitation bubble collapsing is a complex fundamental issue for cavitation application and prevention. The pseudopotential and thermal multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) is adopted to investigate the thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble in this paper. The simulation results satisfy the maximum temperature equation of the bubble collapse, which derived from the Rayleigh-Plesset (R-P) equation. The validity of thermal MRT-LBM in simulating the collapse process of cavitation bubble is verified. It shows that the temperature evolution of vapor-liquid phase is well captured. Furthermore, the two-dimensional (2D) temperature, velocity and pressure field of the bubble near a solid wall are analyzed. The maximum temperature inside the bubble and wall temperature under different position offset parameters are discussed in details.     

Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films of 1-acyl-1,2,4-triazoles

New 1-acyl-1,2,4-triazoles (ATs) with different n-alkyl chain lengths from C2 to C18 were synthesized. ATs with long n-alkyl chains (C12 and larger) are non-charged amphiphilic molecules with a polar triazole head group. The Langmuir isotherms of ATs at the air–water interface with 12 (DoT-C12), 14 (MyT-C14), 16 (PaT-C16) and 18 (StT-C18) carbon atoms in their n-alkyl chains were studied using surface pressure-mean molecular area (π-mmA) measurements. Characteristic for the Langmuir isotherms of PaT-C16 and StT-C-18 was the first sharp increase of the surface pressure at a mmA value of 20 Å² marking a transition of the ATs from the gaseous state with n-alkyl chains already oriented perpendicular to the water surface to a condensed state. The collapse of the monolayers occurred between 20 and 36 mN m⁻¹ with a typical ‘spike’ in the isotherms of MyT-C14, PaT-C16 and StT-C18 which can be assigned to the buckling and subsequent folding of the monolayer. After the collapse point a pseudo-plateau region of slightly increasing surface pressure appeared for all ATs from C12 to C18 indicating a trilayer formation by the roll-over mechanism for MyT-C14, PaT-C16 and StT-C18. Upon further compression the final collapse occurred at π values between 59 and 67 mN m⁻¹. From reversibility studies it was found that the Langmuir isotherms of the ATs were irreversible. The morphology of Langmuir–Blodgett films of ATs transferred onto silicon wafers was studied by atomic force microscopy.