中国海大陆架沉积物超细标准物质系列研制

5个中国海大陆架沉积物标准物质的原样分别取自东海和南海,样品风干后,先经球磨制备成200目的均匀粉体,再用气流磨进一步加工成超细粒度的均匀样品.采用激光粒度仪检测了样品的粒度分布,5个样品的平均粒度均小于4 μm(约800目).采用高精度的XRF检验了样品的均匀性并以高灵敏度的ICP-AES、ICP-MS相配合确定了其最小取样量(5 mg).有12个实验室参加了合作定值研究,定值组分均为60个,其中MSCS-1,2分别有50和51个组分定为标准值,MSCS-3,4,5有52个组分定为标准值.全组分百分总和分别为99.9%, 99.9%, 100.4%, 100.1%和99.7%.     

汽油无铅化后中国儿童铅中毒现状、污染源及防治对策

汽油无铅化后,我国儿童铅中毒问题仍相当严重,群体铅中毒事件频频发生,铅中毒流行率相对较高且有回升趋势,膳食铅摄入量过高。在各类铅污染源中,燃煤铅排放已成为大气铅污染的重要贡献者,初步估算表明,2001—2005年燃煤大气铅排放总量达4.5万t,铅排放量与铅中毒率之间呈显著相关关系。预防铅中毒应切实加强环境污染的有效控制和敏感人群的定期监测,铅中毒监测亦应采取血铅测定和发铅测定双管齐下的方针。     

国内气相色谱近年的进展

本文对近三年国内学者在气相色谱方面的研究和应用作了综述 ,国内学者的研究基本和国际上气相色谱方面的研究类似 ,在全二维气相色谱、快速气相色谱 ,微型气相色谱仪、新型气相色谱固定相和色谱柱的溶胶 凝胶涂渍技术领域的研究方面作出了贡献。有关气相色谱的应用研究中 ,介绍了大量在药物分析、食品分析、环境分析、石油和石化分析和化工产品及高聚物分析等领域中应用的题目和摘要     

Effects of land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin, China

Soil aggregate stability as a key indicator of soil structure, is a product of interactions between soil environment, management practices, and land use patterns. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of various land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin of southwestern China. The dry- and water-stable aggregate size distributions were determined by manual dry sieving procedure and Yoder's wet sieving procedure, respectively, while microaggregates and its mechanical and chemical stabilities by Kachisky's method, oscillator method, and citrate-dithionate (C-D) reagent method, separately. The results indicated that fractal dimension and surface fractal dimension were useful indicators to reflect soil aggregate distribution. Land use patterns have an obvious influence on soil aggregate stability. In the study area, water stability, mechanical stability, and chemical stability followed the sequence, Barren landforestlandorchardcropland, and the original stability and collapse velocity were sensitive to soil properties and soil structure. The difference of aggregate stability under different land use patterns is mainly due to the intensity of human disturbance and cultivation. Improper land use patterns will lead to breakdown of unstable aggregates, producing finer and more-easily transportable particles and microaggregates. In the future, inappropriate cultivation and land use patterns should be changed to protect soil structure, to improve soil aggregate stability and soil fertility in Sichuan Basin.     

The Cradle-to-Cradle Life Cycle Assessment of Polyethylene terephthalate: Environmental Perspective

Over the last several years, the number of concepts and technologies enabling the production of environmentally friendly products (including materials, consumables, and services) has expanded. One of these ways is cradle-to-cradle (C2C) certified^TM. Life cycle assessment (LCA) technique is used to highlight the advantages of C2C and recycling as a method for reducing plastic pollution and fossil depletion by indicating the research limitations and gaps from an environmental perspective. Also, it estimates the resources requirements and focuses on sound products and processes. The C2C life cycle measurements for petroleum-based poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles, with an emphasis on different end-of-life options for recycling, were taken for mainland China, in brief. It is considered that the product is manufactured through the extraction of crude oil into ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. The CML analysis method was used in the LCIA for the selected midpoint impact categories. LCA of the product has shown a drastic aftermath in terms of environmental impacts and energy use. But the estimation of these consequences is always dependent on the system and boundary conditions that were evaluated throughout the study. The impacts that burden the environment are with the extraction of raw material, resin, and final product production. Minor influences occurred due to the waste recycling process. This suggests that waste degradation is the key process to reduce the environmental impacts of the production systems. Lowering a product’s environmental impact can be accomplished in a number of ways, including reducing the amount of materials used or choosing materials with a minimal environmental impact during manufacture processes.     

中国的百岁老人研究Ⅱ.百岁老人的死亡率、生存率和发展趋势

根据全国人口普查资料,用指数函数拟合法计算了中国百岁老人的死亡率和生存率,得出中国人口的最高自然寿限为120岁,并预测到2010年中国百岁老人绝对数将达4万多人,届时每百万人口中将有30位百岁老人,比2000年增加1倍以上。     

Seasonal variability of cloud optical depth over northwestern China derived from CERES/MODIS satellite measurements

The seasonal variability of cloud optical depth over northwestern China derived from Clouds and the Earth＇s Radiant Energy System （CERES） Single Scanner Footprint （SSF） Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） Edition IB data from July 2002 to June 2004 is presented. The regions of interest are those with Asia monsoon influence, the Tianshan and Qilian Mountains, and the Taklimakan Desert. The results show that the instantaneous measurements presented here are much higher than the previous results derived from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project （ISCCP） D2 monthly mean data. Generally the measurements of cloud optical depth are the highest in summer and the lowest in winter, however, Taklimakan Desert has the lowest measurements in autumn. The regional variation is quite significant over northwestern China.     

论中国海洋砂矿床类型

本文总结了作者二十多年砂矿工作的经验,搜集了国内近三百处海洋砂矿床(点)五十余种矿床类型划分的资料,比照国外同类型矿床,结合我国矿床特征,提出了新的海洋砂矿分类原则,矿床工业类型、成因-形态类型、成矿时代类型和保存类型等的划分系统,以及今后的找矿方向。     

中国能源强度与经济结构变化特征研究

中国经济持续增长伴随着能源强度下降的特征引起部分学者对中国经济增长和能源消费数据真实性的怀疑,因此,对中国能源强度变化特征进行研究具有重要的现实意义。迄今为止,对中国经济结构变动如何影响能源强度变化仍然缺少定量研究。本文分析了中国能源强度的变化趋势,说明其前后趋势基本上是一致、合理的。以此为基础,将能源强度变化分解为结构份额和效率份额,提出了结构份额和效率份额的计算方法,对我国能源强度变化中的结构份额和效率份额进行了定量分析,结构表明:1998-2000年间,我国能源强度下降的主要动力来自于各产业能源利用效率的提高,其中工业能源强度下降是总体能源强度下降的主要原因。     

Standards and regulations for radiation processing industry in China

To understand the current status and development tendency of radiation processing industry in China, and to know the relationship between the perfecting of standard systems and the increasing of throughput of this industry, a brief introduction on Chinese standards and regulations is given in this paper. Typical documents for setting up and operating an irradiation facility for radiation processing, either a gamma-ray or an electron-beam facility, are introduced in detail. A comparison is made between some of the international standards and those corresponding Chinese national standards. The consideration of development of Chinese standards and regulations indicates a positive tendency for this industry.