A two-dimensional simulation of grain structure growth within the substrate and the fusion zone during direct metal deposition

In this paper, a predictive multi-scale model based on a cellular automaton (CA)-finite element (FE) method has been developed to simulate thermal history and microstructure evolution during metal solidification for the Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) process. The macroscopic FE calculation that is validated by thermocouple experiment is developed to simulate the transient temperature field and cooling rate of single layer and multiple layers. In order to integrate the different scales, a CA–FE coupled model is developed to combine with thermal history and simulate grain growth. In the mesoscopic CA model, heterogeneous nucleation sites, grain growth orientation and rate, epitaxial growth, re-melting of pre-existing grains, metal addition, grain competitive growth, and columnar to equiaxed phenomena are simulated. The CA model is able to show the entrapment of neighboring cells and the relationship between undercooling and the grain growth rate. The model predicts the grain size, and the morphological evolution during the solidification phase of the deposition process. The developed “decentered polygon” growth algorithm is appropriate for the non-uniform temperature field. Finally, the single and multiple-layer DMD experiment is conducted to validate the characteristics of grain features in the simulation.     

Complex dynamics of cellular automata rule 119

In this paper, the dynamical behaviors of cellular automata rule 119 are studied from the viewpoint of symbolic dynamics in the bi-infinite symbolic sequence space Σ₂. It is shown that there exists one Bernoulli-measure global attractor of rule 119, which is also the nonwandering set of the rule. Moreover, it is demonstrated that rule 119 is topologically mixing on the global attractor and possesses the positive topological entropy. Therefore, rule 119 is chaotic in the sense of both Li-Yorke and Devaney on the global attractor. It is interesting that rule 119, a member of Wolfram’s class II which was said to be simple as periodic before, actually possesses a chaotic global attractor in Σ₂. Finally, it is noted that the method presented in this work is also applicable to studying the dynamics of other rules, especially the 112 Bernoulli-shift rules therein.     

Studies on the stability and stabilization of trans-cyclooctenes through radical inhibition and silver (I) metal complexation

Conformationally strained trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs) engage in bioorthogonal reactions with tetrazines with second order rate constants that can exceed 10⁶ M^?1s^?1. The goal of this study was to provide insight into the stability of TCO reagents and to develop methods for stabilizing TCO reagents for long-term storage. The radical inhibitor Trolox suppresses TCO isomerization under high thiol concentrations and TCO shelf-life can be greatly extended by protecting them as stable Ag(I) metal complexes. ¹H NMR studies show that Ag-complexation is thermodynamically favorable but the kinetics of dissociation are very rapid, and TCO?AgNO₃ complexes are immediately dissociated upon addition of NaCl which is present in high concentration in cell media. The AgNO₃ complex of a highly reactive s-TCO-TAMRA conjugate was shown to label a protein-tetrazine conjugate in live cells with faster kinetics and similar labeling yield relative to a ‘traditional’ TCO-TAMRA conjugate.     

基于r维正态扩散的区域热带气旋灾害模糊风险分析

从1980-2008年影响广西的热带气旋灾情资料和地面观测资料中选取23组数据,构造灾情指数序列和致灾源指数序列.通过计算得到超越概率的灾害风险估计值.利用r维正态扩散将单值样本扩散为集值样本以构造原始信息矩阵,借助因素空间理论将其转化为模糊关系矩阵,通过模糊近似推理和模糊集重心的计算,得到以致灾源因子为输入样本近似估计灾情的风险值.然后用距离贴近度和择近原则进一步计算和分析致灾因子和承载体易损性的相关程度.最后,计算了各区域灾害的风险度,同时,给出供决策参考的热带气旋灾害风险度区划图.     

Shock wave interaction with cellular materials

The equations governing the head-on collision of a planar shock wave with a cellular material and a numerical scheme for solving the set of the governing equations were outlined. In addition, the condition for the transmitted compression waves to transform into a shock wave, inside the cellular material was introduced. It was proved analytically that a cellular material cannot be used as a means of reducing the pressure load acting on the end-wall of the shock tube. In subsequent papers, the interaction of planar shock waves with specific cellular materials, e.g., foams and honeycombs will be described in detail.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Cellular automaton fluids 1: Basic theory

Continuum equations are derived for the large-scale behavior of a class of cellular automaton models for fluids. The cellular automata are discrete analogues of molecular dynamics, in which particles with discrete velocities populate the links of a fixed array of sites. Kinetic equations for microscopic particle distributions are constructed. Hydrodynamic equations are then derived using the Chapman-Enskog expansion. Slightly modified Navier-Stokes equations are obtained in two and three dimensions with certain lattices. Viscosities and other transport coefficients are calculated using the Boltzmann transport equation approximation. Some corrections to the equations of motion for cellular automaton fluids beyond the Navier-Stokes order are given.     

A cellular automaton model based on empirical observations of a driver’s oscillation behavior reproducing the findings from Kerner’s three-phase traffic theory

In this paper, we propose a new cellular automaton model based on the well known three-phase traffic theory. The model takes into account the mechanism of a driver’s oscillation behavior obtained from engineering experiments in real traffic conditions. This mechanism shows the inner competition between speed adaptation and distance adjustment effects. The speed adaptation effect leads to synchronized flow, whereas a pinch region emerges, associated with the spontaneous occurrence of wide moving jams, due to distance over-adjustment. Numerical simulations are carried out both with periodic and with open boundary conditions in order to investigate the spatiotemporal features of traffic flow. The results indicate that our model is able to reproduce the three distinct traffic phases and exhibit the four congested patterns upstream of an isolated on-ramp, which is in good consistency with the results predicted from the three-phase theory.     

Dynamics of the HIV infection under antiretroviral therapy: A cellular automata approach

The dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus infection under antiretroviral therapy is investigated using a cellular automata model where the effectiveness of each drug is self-adjusted by the concentration of CD4⁺  T infected cells present at each time step. The effectiveness of the drugs and the infected cell concentration at the beginning of treatment are the control parameters of the cell population’s dynamics during therapy. The model allows describing processes of mono and combined therapies. The dynamics that emerges from this model when considering combined antiretroviral therapies reproduces with fair qualitative agreement the phases and different time scales of the process. As observed in clinical data, the results reproduce the significant decrease in the population of infected cells and a concomitant increase of the population of healthy cells in a short timescale (weeks) after the initiation of treatment. Over long time scales, early treatment with potent drugs may lead to undetectable levels of infection. For late treatment or treatments starting with a low density of CD4⁺  T healthy cells it was observed that the treatment may lead to a steady state in which the T cell counts are above the threshold associated with the onset of AIDS. The results obtained are validated through comparison to available clinical trial data.     

具传输时滞和变系数的模糊细胞神经网络的指数稳定性及周期解

介绍一类具传输时滞和变系数的模糊细胞神经网络(FCNN),通过使用线性矩阵不等式(LMI)和Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函,研究它的周期解的存在性及全局指数稳定性,并获得一些充分条件。此外,给出一个实例说明结果是可行的。