一种自适应层进式Savitzky‐Golay光谱滤波算法及其应用

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）利用半导体激光器的可调谐和窄线宽特性,通过选择特定气体的单条吸收线,排除其余气体的干扰,可以实现高精度、高选择性的气体浓度测量,在气体浓度检测系统中具有广泛的应用前景。在不同的应用条件和环境下,需要解决相应的硬件和数据处理方面的技术问题。主要研究TDLAS技术机动车尾气CO组分浓度遥测系统中的光谱数据处理问题,该系统利用路面漫反射回波信号遥测行驶中的机动车尾气CO组分浓度。由于激光扫描光谱回波信号受到漫反射面情况变化、空气环境变化、尾气湍流影响等因素影响,探测器收集到的信号不仅较弱同时也夹杂着多种噪声, 即测量光路信噪比较差, 故提出一种自适应层进式Savitzky-Golay(S-G)平滑滤波算法,实现了对光谱进行滤波处理从而更加准确地反演CO浓度。S-G滤波算法因其原理简单、功能强大、只需设置两个参数（窗口大小、拟合阶数）等优点,已广泛应用于光谱处理。如何正确设置S-G算法参数使滤波效果在去噪不足和过度滤波之间找到平衡点,是该滤波算法应用的一大难题。设计的检测系统中,测量光路光谱信号为非平稳信号,噪声和有效信号幅度时变,最佳窗口大小和多项式阶数随信号动态而变化,且变化区间较大,使用固定参数的S-G滤波器难以达到最佳效果。提出的自适应层进式S-G平滑滤波算法,通过逐层将测量光路光谱信号经过S-G滤波后,与参考光路的光谱信号设置的参考段比对信号相关系数和信号一阶导相关系数的和,以自适应得到逐层最优参数。通过对信噪比从9.81～29.77的10组不同带噪光谱分析验证了该算法的有效性,自适应层进式S-G算法能较好地去除噪声并还原带噪信号所携带的待测气体浓度信息,与带噪光谱对比,吸收光谱峰值最大误差由25.152%降至5.917%,积分吸光度最大误差由18.1%降至3.9%。在实现的系统中,使用自适应层进式S-G算法对测量光路进行滤波处理,并对不同车型、不同排量、燃烧不同油品的机动车在怠速和缓速通过(5 km·h-1)系统时其排放的CO浓度进行实时在线监测。     

基于小波变换的数字胸片自适应增强

利用图像自适应增强原理, 推导出小波域中的等价表示. 根据视觉生理心理学原理, 具体的增益系数由图像的背景灰度确定. 同时考虑到胸片中重要的细节信息位于中间频率的特性, 增益系数需要进行调整. 实验结果表明, 调整增益后的小波自适应增强方法能有效的增强数字胸片中的细节信息.     

星载光电跟踪系统连续帧图像快速识别定位算法研究

为了解决星载光电跟踪系统对连续帧图像快速识别、准确定位的要求.在深入分析连续图像序列特性和星载光电跟踪系统特点的基础上,利用光电跟踪系统转台的角度变化信息,对图像序列进行帧间差值运算以获得目标残差图,并基于残差图和原始图像信息提出了一种新的目标识别定位算法,大大地减小了运算量.结合中值滤波和自适应波门跟踪算法,实现了运动目标的快速跟踪定位.通过对目标实测图像序列的实验,结果证明,该算法具有快速、稳定等优点,能满足星载光电跟踪系统实时图像跟踪的要求.     

微加工薄膜变形镜特性分析

 借助测量微加工薄膜变形镜驱动器的面形影响函数,分析了驱动器的电压-位移函数和驱动器之间的线性叠加性;通过对连续面形变形镜拟合像差的理论分析和实验研究,建立了微加工薄膜变形镜电压解耦模型。分析了对前36阶Zernike模式的拟合残差和拟合能力,指出微加工薄膜变形镜仅可用来拟合低级像差并且有较大的拟合能力和较小的拟合残差,而不能拟合高级像差。     

Computation of complex fluid flows using an adaptive grid method

Recently the concept of adaptive grid computation has received much attention in the computational fluid dynamics research community. This paper continues the previous efforts of multiple one-dimensional procedures in developing and asessing the ideas of adaptive grid computation. The focus points here are the issue of numerical stability induced by the grid distribution and the accuracy comparison with previously reported work. Two two-dimensional problems with complicated characteristics—namely, flow in a channel with a sudden expansion and natural convection in an enclosed square cavity—are used to demonstrate some salient features of the adaptive grid method. For the channel flow, by appropriate distribution of the grid points the numerical algorithm can more effectively dampen out the instabilities, especially those related to artificial boundary treatments, and hence can converge to a steady-state solution more rapidly. For a more accurate finite difference operator, which contains less undesirable numerical diffusion, the present adaptive grid method can yield a steady-state and convergent solution, while uniform grids produce non-convergent and numerically oscillating solutions. Furthermore, the grid distribution resulting from the adaptive procedure is very responsive to the different characteristics of laminar and turbulent flows. For the problem of natural convection, a combination of a multiple one-dimensional adaptive procedure and a variational formulation is found very useful. Comparisons of the solutions on uniform and adaptive grids with the reported benchmark calculations demonstrate the important role that the adaptive grid computation can play in resolving complicated flow characteristics.     

Roughness measurement of metals using a modified binary speckle image and adaptive optics

This paper proposes an integrated roughness measurement system that is based on adaptive optics (AO) and binary analysis of speckle pattern images. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the necessity for AO compensation in regions containing both heat and fluid flow turbulences. A speckle image was obtained by projecting a laser beam onto the specimen surface, and the laser pattern image reflected from the surface was binarized to experimentally correlate the intensity with the surface roughness. In the absence of the AO correction scheme, induced turbulences can severely increase the residual rms error from 0.14 to 1.4 μm. After a real-time closed-loop AO correction, we can reduce the wavefront root mean square (rms) error to 0.12 μm, which not only compensates for the aberration error from induced disturbances but also improves the overall performance of the optical system. In addition, an AO system having different gains was investigated, and a threshold gain value was found to be able to steadily compensate for the wavefront errors in less than 2 s. Measurement results of five steel samples having roughness ranging from 0.2 to 3.125 μm (0.3λ and 5λ, where λ is the diode laser wavelength) demonstrate an excellent correlation between the intensity distribution of binary images and average roughness with a correlation coefficient of 0.9982. Furthermore, the proposed AO-assisted system is in good agreement with the stylus method and less than 9.73% error values can be consistently obtained.     

Simultaneous analysis of multiple PCR amplicons enhances capillary SSCP discrimination of MHC alleles

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotyping still remains one of the most challenging issues for evolutionary ecologists. To date, none of the proposed methods have proven to be perfect, and all provide both important pros and cons. Although denaturing capillary electrophoresis has become a popular alternative, allele identification commonly relies upon conformational polymorphisms of two single‐stranded DNA molecules at the most. Using the MHC class II (β chain, exon 2) of the black kite (Aves: Accipitridae) as our model system, we show that the simultaneous analysis of overlapping PCR amplicons from the same target region substantially enhances allele discrimination. To cover this aim, we designed a multiplex PCR capable to generate four differentially sized and labeled amplicons from the same allele. Informative peaks to assist allele calling then fourfold those generated by the analysis of single PCR amplicons. Our approach proved successful to differentiate all the alleles (N=13) isolated from eight unrelated birds at a single optimal run temperature and electrophoretic conditions. In particular, we emphasize that this approach may constitute a straightforward and cost‐effective alternative for the genotyping of single or duplicated MHC genes displaying low to moderate sets of divergent alleles.     

从头计算方法比较研究B_2Au_4,Al_2Au_4和BAlAu_4的几何和电子结构(英文)

Au/H相似性的研究是现代化学中的一个热门话题.我们从理论上报道Au/H相似的新成员:共价化合物B2Au4,离子化合物Al2Au4和BAl Au4.采用密度泛函和波函数理论方法对比研究了缺电子体系B2Au4、Al2Au4和BAl Au4的几何和电子结构.详细讨论了它们基态结构的轨道、适应性自然密度划分(Ad NDP)和电子局域函数(ELF)分析.计算结果表明稍微扭曲变形的C2B2Au4是基态结构,在这个共价化合物中含有两个B―Au―B三中心二电子(3c-2e)键.然而C3vAl+(Al Au4)-和C3vAl+(BAu4)-被研究证明是含有三个X―Au―Al三中心二电子键的类盐化合物(在Al2Au4中X=Al,BAl Au4中X=B).Al2Au4和BAl Au4是至今为止首例报道的在离子缺电子体系中含有金桥键的化合物.同时计算了B2Au4-、Al2Au4-和BAl Au4-阴离子基态结构的绝热剥离能和垂直剥离能,为实验表征提供依据.文中报道的金桥键为共价键和离子键相结合的缺电子体系提供了一个有趣的键合模式,有助于设计含有高度分散金原子的新材料和催化剂.     

Rapid analysis of phthalic acid esters in environmental water using fast elution gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and adaptive library spectra

A method for the fast determination of the components in a complex sample by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was developed and used for the quantitative analysis of phthalic acid esters in environmental water. In the method, the adaptively corrected mass spectra were used to compensate for the differences between the library spectra and the measured ones in the experiment. The correction was obtained by the iterative transformation of the library spectra using iterative target transformation factor analysis, and the resolution was performed by non‐negative immune algorithm using the corrected spectra. Rapid analysis of 16 phthalic acid esters in water samples was achieved using fast elution gas chromatography with mass spectrometry measurements. The results show that the mass spectra and chromatographic profiles of the phthalic acid esters can be obtained from the overlapping signal of 13 min elution, and accurate quantitative analysis can be obtained. The recoveries of the phthalic acid esters obtained by standard addition are between 90.3 and 107.4%, and the relative standard deviations obtained in repeated measurements are less than 9%.     

Improved DNA fragment length estimation in capillary electrophoresis

In CE the charged DNA strands are fractionated according to fragment lengths as they migrate through the capillary, since shorter DNA fragments pass through the sieving matrix faster. Multiplexed internal size standards are used to estimate the size of unknown DNA fragments. In the literature there are statements about migration abnormalities for the 250 and 340 bp fragments in the GeneScan-500 (GS500) internal size standards. Such anomalous migration of size standards could obviously introduce errors in the estimation of unknown fragments. Therefore, a number of analysis programs simply exclude some of these fragments. In the present work we first evaluate the effect of excluding each of the fragments in the internal size standards used in CE. Next, a method which is based on estimating the true values of the anomalous fragments is presented. The results obtained by the new method indicate a significant improvement compared to results obtained when one (or both) of the anomalous fragments in GS500 is (are) excluded or included when estimating the size of unknown DNA fragments. In the higher-molecular-weight region, the average error is reduced from 1.91 bp in ABI GeneMapper (excluding 250 bp) to 0.15 bp in the new method (using the estimated values for 250 and 340 bp). In the lower-molecular-weight region, excluding both fragments will improve the results by an average of 0.74 bp compared to ABI GeneMapper.