On relevation transform involved with statistical dependence between two component lifetimes

Krakowski (Rev Fr Autom Inform Rech Opèr. 1973;7:107–120.) introduced the relevation transform for component and active redundancy with independent lifetimes, and except for Johnson and Kotz (Am J Math Manag Sci. 1981;1:155–165; Nav Res Logist. 1983;30:163–169.) most subsequent researches were conducted under this framework. However, it is not uncommon that a component and its active redundancy bear some common stresses due to the environment and thus they have dependent lifetimes. In this note, we equip the involved lifetimes with a survival copula and then clarify the potential difference between the new and classical versions through making stochastic comparison. Moreover, by ordering the lifetime of system with relevation redundancy we also study the way of allocating a relevation redundancy at component level to ultimately improve the system reliability. The present results on series and parallel systems serve as a generalization of the corresponding ones of Belzunce et al. (Appl Stoch Models Bus Ind. 2019;35:492–503.). Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate these findings as well.     

催化氨硼烷水解制氢研究进展

当前,世界范围内的能源利用面临着巨大的挑战,开发绿色洁净能源十分重要。通过水解氨硼烷制备清洁可再生的氢气是解决能源问题的有效途径之一。选择合适的催化剂有效提高制氢效率是氨硼烷水解制氢的关键,开发高效安全的催化剂一直是该领域研究的重点和热点。本文从影响氨硼烷水解制氢反应中催化剂催化性能的因素出发,综述了活性金属组分和载体在催化剂制备过程中以及催化氨硼烷制氢反应中的作用。最后,对催化氨硼烷水解制氢过程所存在的问题以及今后的发展进行了总结和展望。     

Potential active sites of Mo single atoms for electrocatalytic reduction of N2

Single atom catalysts(SACs) with isolated metal atoms dispersed on supports exhibit distinctive performances for electrocatalysis reactions.The designable realization of well-dispersed single metal atoms is still a great challenge owing to their ease of aggregation.Here,Mo single atomic sites(Mo-N₃C)combined with some ultrasmall Mo₂C/MoN clusters(Mo-SA/Mo₂C-MoN-Cs,mean diameter <2 nm) on nitrogen-doped porous carbon were synthesized via a simple pyrolysis of bimetallic Zn/Mo metalorganic frameworks.X-ray absorption near edge spectra(XANES) in combination with various characterizations show that most of Mo species in sample exist in the form of single sites and the exact structure is Mo-N₃C.Density functional theory(DFT) calculation further shows that as the number of Ncoordination in the Mo-NxC moieties increases,the positive cha rge of Mo atoms increases.The single Mo atoms in Mo-N₃C have the best capability of N₂ adsorption,which may serve as main active sites for further electrochemical N2 reduction.     

完全活性空间组态相互作用能量的拟合和外推

完全活性空间组态相互作用计算与完全活性空间中的活性电子数和活性轨道数有关,但完全活性空间组态相互作用的能量不是活性电子数和活性轨道数的单调递减函数,因此活性轨道数和活性电子数不能用来外推完全活性空间组态相互作用的能量。为此,我们定义了一个新的变量:活性空间中的最大未占满轨道数。我们对一系列单重态、双重态和三重态分子进行了完全活性空间组态相互作用的计算,并利用活性空间中的活性电子数和最大未占满轨道数这两个变量,对这些基态能量进行了拟合和外推,拟合的均方根误差都在10~(-6)数量级。外推能量的精度优于MP4,对小分子体系,其精度高于CCSD。外推的完全的组态相互作用(FCI)能量值和实际计算的FCI值也很接近。另外,我们还利用外推能量来优化双原子分子的平衡键长,并计算谐振频率,其精度优于CASSCF。     

表面活性剂辅助水热制备形貌结构可控的MoS2及其蒽加氢性能

随着原油资源重质化和劣质化的加剧以及对清洁燃料油品需求的不断增加,将重质油加工成清洁燃料成为现代炼厂面临的挑战.悬浮床加氢是重质油转化为清洁液体燃料的先进技术,其核心难题是高效加氢催化剂的开发.MoS2在石油化工领域油品加氢提质研究中表现出非常好的催化加氢性能.MoS2晶体结构中有两种面:沿S-Mo-S层间的剥离面,又称基面,化学性质稳定;沿Mo-S的断裂面,又称棱面,具有大量的不饱和键,化学性质不稳定,可做催化活性中心.由于MoS2结构和形貌对其物理化学性能有重要影响,所以通过合理设计和调控MoS2的结构和形貌可增加暴露的催化活性位,进而改善其催化性能.本文以七钼酸铵和硫代乙酰胺为原料,水合肼做还原剂,采用不同表面活性剂(包括PEG,PVP,P123,SDS,AOT和CTAB)辅助的水热合成法制备了结构及形貌可控的MoS2,并提出不同表面活性剂条件下MoS2催化剂的生长机理,进一步研究了重油模型化合物稠环芳烃蒽的催化加氢性能.结果表明,在不同表面活性剂辅助的条件下分别制得了由MoS2纳米片组装而成的球形、块状和花状的MoS2产物;通过改变表面活性剂种类可调变MoS2纳米片的长度、堆积层数、层间距以及最终产物的形貌.在PEG或PVP辅助下得到了球形MoS2产物,其中MoS2纳米片长<15 nm,堆积层数<6.在PEG辅助下制备的球形MoS2粒径约为250 nm,尺寸均一且分散性好.在PVP辅助下MoS2粒径在200–450 nm,粒径分布范围宽且有明显团聚.在P123或SDS辅助下得到了团聚较明显的块状微米级MoS2产物.在P123辅助下得到的MoS2纳米片长<15 nm,层数<6.在SDS辅助下制备的MoS2纳米片长>20 nm,堆积层数>8.在AOT或CTAB辅助下得到团聚比较严重的花状微米级MoS2产物,其中MoS2纳米片长>20 nm,堆积层数>8.另外,水热反应过程中,高温高压的环境促进了反应体系中游离的NH4+插入到MoS2层状结构中,导致MoS2纳米片层间距增大.基于此,本文提出了不同表面活性剂辅助的水热过程中不同结构和形貌MoS2产物的形成机理.对不同结构和形貌的MoS2样品进行了悬浮床蒽加氢催化性能评价.结果表明,PEG辅助制备的MoS2催化剂具有最高催化加氢活性.该MoS2催化剂中纳米片层短,堆积层数少,暴露了更多的加氢活性位.单分散的球形MoS2颗粒粒径小,分散性好,有利于加氢活性位的充分暴露,进而表现出较好的催化性能.本文所采用的表面活性剂辅助的水热法为可控合成不同结构和形貌的过渡金属硫化物提供了有效指导和借鉴.     

利用原位红外光谱确证Ru/SBA-15的加氢活性位点

Ru/SBA-15催化剂具有高的氢气活化能力,因此被广泛应用在加氢和氢解反应中.一般认为Ru/SBA-15催化剂的高活性与金属Ru的高分散有关,然而有研究发现在氧化硅载体上还存在溢流的氢,这部分溢流氢也很可能参与加氢和氢解反应.这就产生了两个关键性的问题:(1)Ru/SBA-15的催化加氢活性中心是什么,是金属Ru还是载体SBA-15;(2)在金属Ru上解离的H是如何迁移到载体上的.因此,加氢活性位点及其形成机理的确认对理解Ru/SBA-15催化剂的高活性至关重要.原位红外光谱可从分子层面研究在工作状态的催化剂表面活性位点的状态,进而推测可能的反应机理.通过与催化剂Pd/SBA-15,Ru/Al2O3和SBA-15比较发现,在氢气氛围中Ru/SBA-15催化剂的原位红外谱图中存在一个独特的位于1996 cm?1的峰.由于在Pd/SBA-15,Ru/Al2O3和SBA-15上都不存在这个峰,因此该峰的形成是金属Ru和SBA-15相互作用的结果.此外,Si–O键在位于1866 cm?1的合频峰不随氢气氛围变化而变化,因此可排除这个峰属于Si–O键振动的倍频峰.为了排除该峰的产生是由于CO的吸附,我们采用脉冲引入CO的方法,发现在低的CO覆盖率下,红外谱图中位于2068 cm?1处出现了一个CO在Ruδ+上的线性吸附峰.随着CO覆盖率增加,该峰逐渐蓝移至2075 cm?1,同时位于2132 cm?1处的峰强度增强了,这两个峰都归属于Run+(CO)x物种的振动峰.这些CO的化学吸附强度都很高,即使在He气中吹扫1 h后仍然存在,而1996 cm?1峰的形成是可逆的.此外,低CO覆盖率下生成的吸附峰(2068 cm?1)的强度低于1996 cm?1峰的强度,因此可以排除1996 cm?1峰属于CO吸附峰的可能.既然1996 cm?1峰的形成是可逆的,将这个峰归属于载体上氢的可能性也可排除,因为形成载体上氢的过程是不可逆的.另外,形成1996 cm?1峰的速率还证明了这个峰不属于金属Ru上吸附的氢,因为金属Ru上氢的吸附是很快的.通过以上分析,我们推断1996 cm?1峰应该指认为在Ru和SBA-15界面处位点的红外峰.为了证明这一点,我们制备了不同Ru负载量的Ru/SBA-15催化剂,发现这个界面处位点峰的峰面积与金属Ru颗粒在载体上形成交界面的周长成正比,而峰达到稳态所需时间与Ru颗粒大小成反比.这说明H2在金属Ru上发生解离吸附后迁移到Ru和SBA-15界面处,形成了Ru–H–Si物种.当金属Ru的颗粒比较小时,与载体形成交界面的周长小,Ru–H–Si物种的数量少,体现在红外谱图上峰的峰面积小,但解离的氢迁移到该界面所需时间变短了.当金属Ru的颗粒比较大时,与载体形成交界面的周长大,Ru–H–Si物种的数量多,1996 cm?1峰的峰面积大,但解离氢的迁移慢了.此外,H-D交换实验还证明这个界面处的位点具有加氢活性.与文献报道的孤立Si–H物种的红外峰位置比较发现,Ru–H–Si物种具有明显的峰红移现象,说明该物种中的Si–H键活性很高,这可能是由于金属Ru将电子转移至Si–H键的结果.总之,以上结果清晰地表明这个1996 cm?1峰归属为结构是Ru–H–Si的活性位点.     

Inquiry as an entry point to equity in the classroom

ABSTRACT

Although many policy documents include equity as part of mathematics education standards and principles, researchers continue to explore means by which equity might be supported in classrooms and at the institutional level. Teaching practices that include opportunities for students to engage in active learning have been proposed to address equity. In this paper, through aligning some characteristics of inquiry put forth by Cook, Murphy and Fukawa-Connelly with Gutiérrez's dimensions of equity, we theoretically explore the ways in which active learning teaching practices that focus on inquiry could support equity in the classroom.     

Active Stabilization of a Rotating Shaft Transmitting Static Torque

The paper is concerned with the problem of stability of a power transmitting thin-walled shaft made of the active laminate PFC (piezoelectric fiber composite). The shaft rotates with a given operational angular velocity, and is loaded by a static torque. Such a system is known to exhibit divergence or oscillating type of instability. On the one hand presence of internal friction in the material of the shaft leads to loss of stability at a certain critical rotation speed. The static torque can be responsible for spatial deformation of the shaft axis on the other. A method preventing the system from such behavior is discussed in the paper. The method is based on application of a composite material, which contains active piezoelectric fibers. The fibers produce bending moments, and this way affect the dynamics of the entire system. Two control strategies are investigated. Results of numerical simulations are presented graphically.     

Catalytic Behaviour of Transition Metal Cations In Electrosynthesis and Growth of Nanostructure Conducting Polypyrrole Films On/Between the Passive Cu Interdigital Electrodes: Application In Gas Sensors

The electrosynthesis of nanostructured polypyrrole (PPy) on copper interdigital electrodes (Cu‐IDEs) surfaces was performed by anodic oxidation of pyrrole in the presence of oxalic acid in aqueous solution (passivation technique) by potentiostatic method. Some divalent transition metal ions (Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)) as catalyst can be used to polymers growth on/between spacing between passive Cu‐IDEs by using potentiostatic technique. The morphology of the conducting films was examined by field emission scanning electron microscope, indicating a dependence of the film morphology to catalyst type. The PPy films on Cu‐IDEs were used to investigate the properties of the gas sensing ability.     

用活性炭及部分热解碳材料进行的质子催化(英文)

The development of environmentally friendly solid acid catalysts is a priority task. Highly oxidized activated carbon and their ion-substituted (saline) forms are effective proton transfer catalysts in esterification, hydrolysis, and dehydration, and thus are promising candidates as solid acid cata-lysts. Computations by the ab initio method indicated the cause for the enchanced acidity of the carboxylic groups attached to the surface of highly oxidized carbon. The synthesis of phosphorilated carbon was considered, and the proton transfer reactions catalyzed by them in recent studies were analyzed. The development of an amorphous carbon acid catalyst comprising polycyclic carbonaceous (graphene) sheets with –SO3H, –COOH and phenolic type OH-groups was carried out. These new catalysts were synthesized by partial pyrolysis and subsequent sulfonation of carbohydrates, polymers, and other organic compounds. Their high catalytic activities in proton transfere reactions including the processing of bio-based raw materials was demonsrated.