A double arity hierarchy theorem for transitive closure logic

In this paper we prove that thek-ary fragment of transitive closure logic is not contained in the extension of the (k–1)-ary fragment of partial fixed point logic by all (2k–1)-ary generalized quantifiers. As a consequence, the arity hierarchies of all the familiar forms of fixed point logic are strict simultaneously with respect to the arity of the induction predicates and the arity of generalized quantifiers.Although it is known that our theorem cannot be extended to the sublogic deterministic transitive closure logic, we show that an extension is possible when we close this logic under congruence.Supported by a grant from the University of Helsinki. This research was initiated while he was a Junior Researcher at the Academy of FinlandThis article was processed by the author using the LATEX style filepljourlm from Springer-Verlag.     

Structure and Photoelectric Characteristics of Functional Polymers and of Compositions Based on Them

The electronic processes in disordered organic solids were analyzed, classified, and summarized. They include the photogeneration of charge pairs, electron transport, geminal and bimolecular recombination, and the capture of charge carriers in local electronic states. General criteria were formulated for the targeted search for and the creation of new prospective polymers and their compositions with organic pigments and related compounds having specific photoelectric characteristics for electrographic and holographic media, photoelectric converters, and electroluminescent and photorefractive devices.     

铸型尼龙/纳米ZnO复合材料的制备与表征

采用原位聚合反应制备MC尼龙6/纳米ZnO复合材料并对其性能、形貌和结晶形态进行了分析.分析结果表明:MC尼龙6/纳米ZnO复合材料中ZnO达到了纳米级分散,并且粒子分布比较均匀,粒子的粒径在30~50 nm左右.纳米ZnO没有改变尼龙6的结晶形态.纳米ZnO的加入起到同时增强增韧的作用;使体积电阻系数降了8×104倍、表面电阻系数降了5.7×104倍、摩擦系数降低了29%,MC尼龙6/纳米ZnO复合材料摩擦磨损性能和抗静电性能明显优于MC尼龙6;经过力学拉伸试验的破坏,引起MC尼龙6结构发生宏观应力变化,造成(002 202晶面)产生明显的择优取向.     

The approximation of electron densities

This paper discusses the approximate representation of the electron density produced by an ab initio calculation. A linear combination of Gaussians is fitted to the density by minimizing a functional which is the consequent error in field-energy. The practical implementation of the procedure, following a Gaussian 80 calculation, is described and some of the complications are analysed.     

Extraction of strontium ions with emulsion liquid membrane technique

The aims of this study are to form a liquid membrane suitable for the extraction of strontium ions from aqueous solutions and to determine the factors influencing the stability of the membrane, the extraction efficiency and the rate of transport. The suggested membrane is composed of kerosene, Span 80 and D2EHPA. It has been observed that the extraction efficiency and the rate of transport increase with increasing ratio of emulsion to outer phase volume, stirring rate and D2EHPA concentration and decreasing pH of the inner phase. As the strontium ion concentration in the outer phase increases, the transport rate increases but the separation efficiency decreases. The maximum separation efficiency achieved in the experiments was 92%.     

Spread of a catalytic branching random walk on a multidimensional lattice

For a supercritical catalytic branching random walk on ${\mathbb{Z}}^d$, $d\in \mathbb{N}$, with an arbitrary finite catalysts set we study the spread of particles population as time grows to infinity. It is shown that in the result of the proper normalization of the particles positions in the limit there are a.s. no particles outside the closed convex surface in ${\mathbb{R}}^d$ which we call the propagation front and, under condition of infinite number of visits of the catalysts set, a.s. there exist particles on the propagation front. We also demonstrate that the propagation front is asymptotically densely populated and derive its alternative representation.     

Quantitative surface analysis by Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Recent developments in quantitative surface analysis by Auger (AES) and x-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies are reviewed and problems relating to a more accurate quantitative interpretation of AES/XPS experimental data are discussed. Special attention is paid to consideration of elementary physical processes involved and influence of multiple scattering effects on signal line intensities. In particular, the major features of core-shell ionization by electron impact, Auger transitions and photoionization are considered qualitatively and rigorous approaches used to calculate the respective transition probabilities are analysed. It is shown that, in amorphous and polycrystalline targets, incoherent scattering of primary and signal Auger and photoelectrons can be described by solving analytically a kinetic equation with appropriate boundary conditions. The analytical results for the angular and energy distribution, the mean escape depth, and the escape probability as a function of depth of origin of signal electrons as well as that for the backscattering factor in AES are in good agreement with the corresponding Mote Carlo simulation data. Methods for inelastic background subtraction, surface composition determination and depth-profile reconstructions by angle-resolved AES/XPS are discussed. Examples of novel techniques based on x-ray induced photoemission are considered.     

流动注射胶束化学发光法测定曲克芦丁

基于HCl介质中曲克芦丁与KIO4-MnSO4反应产生强的化学发光,且吐温-80的存在能使这一反应的化学发光强度大大增强。结合流动注射技术,建立了流动注射化学发光法测定曲克芦丁的新方法。在优化的实验条件下,曲克芦丁的质量浓度在2.0×10-7~8.0×10-5g/mL范围内与化学发光强度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为7×10-8g/mL。对1.0×10-6g/mL曲克芦丁进行11次平行测定,方法的相对标准偏差为1.8%。用于曲克芦丁片剂和针剂中曲克芦丁的测定。     

Design and In Vitro Evaluation of Solid-Lipid Nanoparticle Drug Delivery for Aceclofenac

Solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are an interesting nanoparticulate delivery system. The present work was carried out with the aim to develop a prolonged release solid-lipid nanoparticulate system for the drug using aceclofenac. Aceclofenac-loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles (ACSLNs) was prepared by hot high pressure homogenization technique. Tripalmitin was used as the lipid core. Surfactants (Poloxamer 188, Tween 80, and soya lecithin) and co-surfactant (sodium tauro glycholate) were used in the formulations. The prepared ACSLN formulations were characterized for encapsulation efficiency (EE), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). From these studies, mean particle diameter of the formulation prepared with combination of surfactants (Poloxmer 188 and Tween 80) was about 200 nm with spherical morphology and amorphous nature. Higher EE was obtained with SLNs prepared using combination of soya lecithin and poloxmer 188. The organization and distribution of the ingredients in the nanoparticulate system were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the results showed that the drug is incorporated into the solid matrix. The prepared formulations demonstrated favorable in vitro prolonged release characteristics. Experimental in vitro release data were substituted in available mathematical models to establish the release kinetics of ACSLNs and it was found to follow first-order kinetics and Higuchi diffusion mechanism. Our results suggest that these SLN formulations could constitute a promising approach for the drug delivery of aceclofenac.     

Span 80 effect on the solvent extraction for heavy oil recovery

In this study, we used the Span 80 to enhance solvent extraction process, and we explored the mechanism. The results indicated different solvents would obtain different oil recovery, and toluene showed the optimal oil recovery, and the n-heptane showed the lowest oil recovery. The complex solvents could improve oil recovery. Toluene could make the heavy oil show the lowest viscosity (89.6 Pa.S), and n-heptane make the heavy oil show the highest viscosity (176.3 Pa.S). Complex solvents could decrease the heavy oil viscosities. The higher C/H was, the higher heavy oil recovery was, and when the asphaltene and resins content increase, the C/H would increase. The C/H showed the highest value (9.09, by toluene) and the lowest value (8.15). In this study, Span 80 could increase heavy oil C/H ratio, decrease heavy oil viscosity. Span 80 could make the sands surface more hydrophilic, and then the solvent loss would decrease. The oil recovery was high after 10 times recycle use.