Preparation of calcium sulfate whiskers using waste calcium chloride by reactive crystallization

Calcium sulfate whiskers, owing to its good thermal stability, chemical resistance and good compatibility with rubber and plastics, has a strong potential in the application of polymer reinforcing composite materials. This work deals with the preparation of calcium chloride whiskers by reactive crystallization process with sulfuric acid and calcium chloride discharged from Solvay process. Firstly, the orthogonal experiments were carried out using both CaCl₂ and H₂SO₄ in analytic grade as feedstock, and the reactive crystallization conditions were optimized, which included reaction temperature, reactant concentration, reaction time and stirring speed. Based on the optimized reactive crystallization conditions, the new process for the preparation of calcium chloride whiskers was studied using the reactive crystallization process with sulfuric acid and calcium chloride discharged from Solvay process, and the effects of impurity ions in the waste solutions on the growth of whiskers were evaluated. It was found that calcium sulfate whiskers with stable and structured fine crystals (its aspect ratio up to 190) can be prepared using waste CaCl₂ in Solvay process. The experimental results will provide the valuable information for the reasonable disposal of waste CaCl₂ solution from Solvay process. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

非平衡态辐射场能量状态参数的表征

本文提出了非平衡态辐射体系的热力学框架,以光子的能量、光子的有效能、光子的熵、光子的特征温度为基础,把辐射热力学体系分解为边界和辐射场进行描述,给出了非平衡态辐射场中辐射能状态参数的表征式,提出了表征任意指定照射窗口的照射辐射特征温度概念,结合照射辐射强度、照射辐射能量等效温度,表征了辐射场的能量强度、有效能和熵等热力学参数。     

Theoretical Study About Effects of H2O and Na+ on Adsorption of CO2 on Kaolinite Surfaces

The density functional theory(DFT) was used to investigate the adsorptions of carbon dioxide(CO₂) on kaolinite surfaces and the influences of Na⁺ and H₂O on the adsorption. Both cluster and periodic models of kaolinite were considered. The calculated results indicate that stable complexes can be formed between adsorbed CO₂ and the surfaces of kaolinite in the presence or absence of sodium cation and water molecule. The Al-O octahedral surface has a larger adsorption affinity for CO₂ than the Si-O tetrahedral surface of kaolinite because the hydroxyl groups of kaolinite Al-O surface present more activity than the basal O atoms of the Si-O tetrahedral surface in the inter-molecular interactions. The existence of exchangeable sodium cations exerts the significant effect on the adsorption of CO₂ with the dramatic increase of the adsorption energy, while the presence of water molecule decreases the adsorption strength insignificantly. The calculated Gibbs free energies of the adsorption reveal that the adsorptions of CO₂ on all the investigated kaolinite surfaces are feasible thermodynamically in the gas phase. Surface free energy was calculated to provide the predictions of the surface stability as a function of temperature.     

等光强分布的折平板反射聚光系统的实验研究

基于平板玻璃镜反射聚光获得等光强分布的方法,提出了折平板反射聚光太阳能系统的设计方案。推导了平行光聚光公式,可在给定接收截面宽度、倾角和安装高度时,给出一定聚光比所需的反射板数量、宽度、倾角及坐标位置;建立了CCD法测量能流密度分布的测试平台以及聚光光伏实验装置,并对折平板聚光系统进行了实验研究。结果表明,折平板玻璃镜聚光系统可以得到较为均匀的辐射能流密度,并且系统的发电效率也较高。     

Synergistic Ag(I)/nBu4NBr-catalyzed fixation of CO2 to β-oxopropyl carbonates via propargylic alcohols and monohydric alcohols

Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide under mild reaction conditions e.g. atmospheric pressure and low temperature depends upon the ability of catalyst. Herein, a synergistic catalytic scheme of silver sulfadiazine/ⁿBu₄NBr was described for the three-component reaction of propargylic alcohols, CO₂, and monohydric alcohols. This catalytic system was demonstrated effectively to provide β-oxopropyl carbonates in excellent yields (up to 99% yield with 5?mol% catalyst). The method tolerated a wide scope of propargylic alcohols and monohydric alcohols under atmospheric CO₂ pressure and solvent-free conditions. The excellent catalytic performance was attributed to the synergistic catalysis confirmed by the careful experiments.     

Vibration transport system for lunar and Martian regolith using dielectric elastomer actuator

An electrostatic transport system for lunar and Martian regolith particles was developed to realize In-Situ Resource Utilization for the successful long-term exploration of the Moon and Mars. The new system utilizes the dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA), which consists of a dielectric elastomer film sandwiched between elastic plate electrodes. When a high AC voltage is applied to the electrodes, the dielectric elastomer is driven by Maxwell stress and the resultant vibration is utilized to transport the regolith. The system has no mechanical drives and does not need complicated controls or high power consumption; thus, it is highly reliable for space application. In this study, the motions of regolith particles on a vibrating plate in the Earth and Moon environments were firstly investigated using a simple model calculation. Then, two types of vibration transport systems using DEA were developed based on the calculation results, and the basic characteristics of vibration transport for regolith were experimentally determined. The calculation result shows that the acceleration of the vibrating plate is the key factor for the success of vibration transport, and the lunar regolith simulant FJS-1 could be experimentally transported at a feed rate of approximately 1.95 g/s on the Earth using one of the developed system types when the plate acceleration exceeded 14.7 m/s². It is expected that the transport performance of the system will be improved in the Moon environment owing to the absence of air drag and the small gravitational force.     

ICP-AES法测定造纸污泥中金属元素

金属元素,特别是重金属元素是造纸污泥资源化利用需要考虑的因素。采用ICP-AES法测定安徽山鹰纸业2种造纸污泥,福建青山纸业1种造纸污泥,福建中竹纸业1种造纸污泥的17种金属元素。结果显示,4种造纸污泥都含有不同量的金属元素,其中Al和Ca的含量最大,既有毒性较大的重金属,如Cr,也有过量才具有毒性的金属,如Fe,还有对植物生长有益的P和K等。福建中竹纸业污泥各元素的回收率为94.4%～107.3%。重金属元素含量低于国家标准GB/4284—84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》。重金属含量的顺序为： 福建中竹纸业<福建青山纸业污泥<安徽山鹰纸业污泥。此测定结果可为造纸污泥的资源化利用,尤其是土地利用和肥料利用提供重要的理论参考。     

太阳能分频利用电热联产初步研究

本文对太阳能聚光分频利用电热联产的机理进行了探讨,给出了太阳能光谱有效能函数以及太阳能聚光分频利用电热联产的设计方案,并对该系统进行了热力性能分析,发电投资和成本比较.结果表明,对30倍聚光分频的光伏/光热系统,光伏发电效率约0.095,250～280℃热量利用效率0.14,折算为电的总发电效率为0.139;与普通光伏发电系统相比,单位面积硅光电池发电功率提高约16倍,投资成本仅0.33倍,每千瓦时的发电上网成本可从3.52元降到0.84元,考虑税收后的上网成本将从5.1元降到1.18元.     

中国的水环境与水资源可持续利用若干问题

本文简要分析了我国水环境的状况与趋势,水资源分布与利用的若干特点,并着重分析了降水利用、节水、矿山排水利用、咸水利用以及污水回用对我国北方缺水地区的意义。最后重点讨论了我国北方地表水与地下水联合运用的几种方式,提出人工回灌、优化调控;系统规划,联合运用;井渠结合、合理开发利用水资源的三种持续利用模式。     

风速不确定性对风力机气动力影响量化研究

风力机气动力学一直是国内外研究的热点课题之一.目前相关研究大都是基于确定性工况条件, 但因风力机常年工作在自然来流复杂环境,风速随机波动致使风电系统呈现不确定性, 对电网稳定性带来巨大挑战,因此进行不确定风速条件下风力机气动力学研究具有重要意义.为揭示不确定性对风力机流场影响机理并明确其对气动力的影响程度,本文提出一种风力机不确定空气动力学分析方法,基于修正叶素动量理论和非嵌入式概率配置点法,建立水平轴风力机不确定性空气动力学响应模型; 以NREL Phase VI S809风力机叶轮为研究对象, 基于该模型提取风力机输出随机响应信息,量化不确定风速对风力机风轮功率、推力、叶片挥舞弯矩和摆振弯矩的影响程度;通过分析流动诱导因子不确定性在叶片展长方向上的分布规律,揭示不确定因素在风力机本体上的传播机制,为风电系统设计及应用提供理论依据和重要参考. 结果表明,风速波动对风力机功率和气动力影响显著,高斯风速标准差由0.05倍增大至0.15倍均值,功率和推力最大波动幅度分别由13.44%和8.00%增大至35.11%和22.02%,叶片挥舞弯矩和摆振弯矩最大波动幅度分别由7.20%和12.84%增大至19.90%和33.49%.来流风速不确定性导致叶片根部位置气流明显波动,可以考虑在该部分采取流动控制措施降低叶片对风速不确定性的敏感程度.