Formalization of the “Twin Paradox” for Non-uniformly Accelerated Motions

The use of hyperbolic numbers for studying space-time geometry and trigonometry is extended for demonstrating the Frenet’s formulas in space-time. By means of this introduction the twin paradox for non-uniformly accelerated motions is formalized in a straightforward way.     

一个单滑移取向铜单晶体疲劳位错结构的热稳定性研究

利用扫描电镜电子通道衬度(SEM-ECC)技术观察研究了[4 18 41]单滑移取向铜单晶体在不同塑性应变幅下的疲劳饱和位错结构及其在不同温度等时退火条件下的热稳定性. 结果表明, 在退火温度为300 °C时, 疲劳位错结构(如脉络结构、驻留滑移带PSB楼梯结构、PSB胞结构和迷宫结构等)均发生了明显回复. 当退火温度高于500 °C, 上述这些疲劳位错结构基本消失, 均发生了明显的再结晶现象, 并大都伴随有退火孪晶的形成. 分析认为, 再结晶的发生和退火孪晶的出现不仅与退火温度和外加塑性应变幅有关, 还与累积循环塑性应变量有着密切的关系.     

宁波市中小学生视力不良状况调查

为了解宁波市中小学生视力不良的发生率,以2010年浙江省学生体质调研数据为基础,对宁波市3085名中小学生视力进行了调查研究.结果表明:宁波市中小学生视力不良检出率为69.9%,其中男生为69.0%,女生为70.8%;城市学生视力不良检出率为71.2%,乡村学生为68.6%,可见城市学生的视力不良检出率高于乡村学生,并存在统计学意义(P<0.05);但这种城乡差异和2005年学生体质调研中得到的数据相比较,呈现弱化趋势;视力不良的检出率已不再有性别差异;在低年龄段和轻度视力不良程度内,视力不良检出率随年龄的增长突增期提前,中学学段是学生视力不良重灾区,同年龄段视力不良的检出率远超过2005年调查数据.     

孪生子佯谬

本文从一个新的角度来阐释孪生子佯谬的症结所在，详细分析了由于双胞胎兄弟所在参考系的不对称性导致的荒谬结论，并在两个惯性系下分别做了计算，最后的结论是相同的，并不存在矛盾，同时印证了所有的惯性系是平权的这一大前提!     

GGA+U方法研究ZnO孪晶界对V_(Zn)-N_O-H复合体对p型导电性的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的广义梯度近似平面波赝势方法,探究四种ZnO-Σ7(1230)孪晶界中V_(Zn)-N_O-H复合体的电子结构和p型导电机理.计算结果表明,在ZnO-Σ7(1230)孪晶界中,N掺杂后会与锌空位(V_(Zn))、氢填隙(Hi)等点缺陷结合,进而形成V_(Zn)-N_O-H复合体,并出现在孪晶中的晶格应变集中区.此外,四种孪晶界中孪晶GB7a有利于V_(Zn)-N_O-H离化能降低,从而使其表现出浅受主特征.分析显示特殊的孪晶结构导致了氮替位(N_O)与近邻的O原子间距离缩短,阴离子之间发生相互作用,导致禁带中的空带能级下降,降低了电子跃迁所需能量.这一结果也说明GB7a孪晶界中的V_(Zn)-N_O-H可能成为N掺杂ZnO材料的p型导电的来源之一.     

Effect of twin boundary on nanoimprint process of bicrystal Al thin film studied by molecular dynamics simulation

The effects of a twin boundary(TB) on the mechanical properties of two types of bicrystal Al thin films during the nanoimprint process are investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations.The results indicate that for the TB direction parallel to the imprinting direction,the yield stress reaches the maximum for the initial dislocation nucleation when the mould directly imprints to the TB,and the yield stress first decreases with the increase of the marker interval and then increases.However,for the TB direction perpendicular to the imprinting direction,the effect of the TB location to the imprinting forces is very small,and the yield stress is greater than that with the TB direction parallel to the imprinting direction.The results also demonstrate that the direction of the slip dislocations and the deformation of the thin film caused by spring-back are different due to various positions and directions of the TB.     

The microstructure of hydrogen- and deuterium-doped nanocrystalline palladium studied by small-angle neutron scattering

By means of small-angle neutron scattering the microstructure of two nanocrystalline Pd samples (prepared by inert gas condensation) has been studied at room temperature in a Q-range from [0pt] to [0pt] . An additional subsequent doping of the two samples with H as well as with D (concentrations < 4 at%) caused contrast variations that provided more detailed structural information. The measured scattering intensity was modeled by a Porod contribution from large heterogenities (e.g. pores) and a contribution from spherical grains with a log-normal distribution of their radii. To account for the presence of grain boundaries, the grains were considered to be surrounded by a shell with a reduced Pd density and a thickness half as large as the thickness of the grain boundaries. For the above model, the data of the H-doped, D-doped and undoped sample were simultaneously fitted with one single set of adjustable parameters. The fits yielded for the two samples volume-weighted mean grain radii of 10 nm and 13 nm. The values for the grain boundary thickness lie between 0.2 and 0.8 nm. Almost all of the H- and D-atoms are, at low hydrogen concentrations, located in the grain boundaries. Received 1 May 2000     

Physical analysis on improving the recovery accuracy of the Earth’s gravity field by a combination of satellite observations in along-track and cross-track directions

The physical investigations on the accuracy improvement to the measurement of the Earth＇s gravity field recovery are carried out based on the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation in this paper. Firstly, the Earth＇s gravity field complete up to degree and order 100 is, respectively, recovered by the collinear and pendulum satellite formations using the orbital parameters of the satellite and the matching accuracies of key payloads from the twin GRACE satellites. The research results show that the accuracy of the Earth＇s gravity field model from the Pendulum-A/B satellite formation is about two times higher than from the collinear satellite formation, and the further improvement of the determination accuracy of the Earth＇s gravity field model is feasible by the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation. Secondly, the Earth＇s gravity field from Pendulum-A/B complete up to degree and order 100 is accurately recovered based on the orbital parameters of the satellite （e.g., an orbital altitude of 400 km, an intersatellite range of 100 km, an orbital inclination of 89° and an orbital eccentricity of 0.001）, the matching accuracies of space- borne instruments （e.g. 10-6 m in the intersatellite range, 10-3 m in the orbital position, 10-6 m/s in orbital velocity, and 10-11 m/s2 in non-conservative force）, an observation time of 30 days and a sampling interval of 10 s. The measurement accuracy of the Earth＇s gravity field from the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation is full of promise for being improved by about l0 times compared with that from the current GRACE satellite formation. Finally, the physical requirements for the next-generation Pendulum-A/B out-of-plane twin-satellite formation are analyzed, and it is proposed that the satellite orbital altitude be preferably designed to be close to 400±50 km and the matching precision of key sensors from the Pendulum-A/B mission be about one order of magnitude higher tha     

Automatic twin vessel recrystallizer. Effective purification of acetaminophen by successive automatic recrystallization and absolute determination of purity by DSC

I describe an interchangeable twin vessel (J, N) automatic glass recrystallizer that eliminates the time-consuming recovery and recycling of crystals for repeated recrystallization. The sample goes in the dissolution vessel J containing a magnetic stir-bar K; J is clamped to the upper joint H of recrystallizer body D. Empty crystallization vessel N is clamped to the lower joint M. Pure solvent is delivered to the dissolution vessel and the crystallization vessel via the head of the condenser A. Crystallization vessel is heated (P). The dissolution reservoir is stirred and heated by the solvent vapor (F). Continuous outflow of filtrate E out of J keeps N at a stable boiling temperature. This results in efficient dissolution, evaporation and separation of pure crystals Q. Pure solvent in the dissolution reservoir is recovered by suction. Empty dissolution and crystallization vessels are detached. Stirrer magnet is transferred to the crystallization vessel and the role of the vessels are then reversed. Evacuating mother liquor out of the upper twin vessel, the apparatus unit is ready for the next automatic recrystallization by refilling twin vessels with pure solvent. We show successive automatic recrystallization of acetaminophen from diethyl ether obtaining acetaminophen of higher melting temperatures than USP and JP reference standards by 8× automatic recrystallization, 96% yield at each stage. Also, I demonstrate a novel approach to the determination of absolute purity by combining the successive automatic recrystallization with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement requiring no reference standards. This involves the measurement of the criterial melting temperature T₀ corresponding to the 100% pure material and quantitative ΔT in DSC based on the van’t Hoff law of melting point depression. The purity of six commercial acetaminophen samples and reference standards and an eight times recrystallized product evaluated were 98.8 mol%, 97.9 mol%, 99.1 mol%, 98.3 mol%, 98.4 mol%, 98.5 mol% and 99.3 mol% respectively.     

近红外光谱法最小二乘双胞胎支持向量机的应用研究

依据中药大黄的近红外光谱信息,采用最小二乘双胞胎支持向量机( LSTSVM)算法,通过MATLAB软件编程,建立参数可优化识别模型,实现了对中药大黄的真伪鉴别.将实验材料98个大黄样品随机划分为训练集和测试集,对于训练集60个样品采用留1/5法交叉验证优化模型参数,以所选最优化参数结合训练集样品的近红外光谱建立最优识别模型,对测试集的38个样品的真伪迸行识别,识别率可达97.4％.结果表明,LSTSVM算法是一种有效的识别方法,可依据中药大黄的近红外光谱对其真伪进行快速识别.同时,本研究将大黄样品6次随机划分为训练集和测试集,建模预测平均识别率为93.4％,表明采用LSTSVM算法建立识别模型具有较好的稳健性.