This paper presents a review of procedural steps and implementation techniques used in the development of artificial intelligence models, generally referred to as artificial neural networks (ANNs), within the water resources domain. It focusses on identifying different areas wherein ANNs have found application thereby elucidating its advantages and disadvantages as well as various challenges encountered in its use. Results from this review provide useful insights into how the performance of ANNs can be improved and potential areas of application that are yet to be explored in hydrological modeling. Recommendations for Resource Managers
Development of integrated and hybrid artificial intelligent tools is critical to achieving improved forecasts in hydrological modeling studies.
Further research into comprehending the internal mechanisms of neural networks is required to obtain a practical meaning of each network component deployed to solve real‐world problems.
More robust optimization techniques and tools like differential evolution, particle swarm optimization and deep neural nets, are yet to be fully explored in the water resources analysis, and should be given more attention to enhance neural networks aptitude for modeling complex and nonlinear hydrological processes.
This study describes an environmentally friendly and green synthetic approach for the preparation of poly(aminoethylmethacrylate)-based hydrogels crosslinked through Diels–Alder (DA) reaction in water. This “click” reaction offers the possibility of preparing chemically crosslinked hydrogels in the absence of any catalyst, initiator or coupling agent, thus preserving the biocompatibility of the material. The suitable furan diene was obtained by modifying a methacrylate polymer by its reaction with furfural, a first generation compound derived from renewable resources. Methacrylate-based complementary polymeric dienophiles were also prepared by introducing maleimide groups into the structure. The products obtained at different steps were characterized by FTIR, NMR and TGA techniques. The study of the rheological properties of the hydrogels proved the success of this green “click” synthetic strategy confirming the formation of chemically crosslinked networks by the use of the Diels–Alder reaction. Furthermore, SEM studies revealed promising morphological properties of the ensuing hydrogels in terms of biomedical applications. 相似文献
The purpose of this paper is to learn from Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) theory to inform the development of Problem Structuring Methods (PSMs) both in general and in the specific context of marine management. The focus on marine management is important because it is concerned with a CAS (formed through the interconnection between natural systems, designed systems and social systems) which exemplifies their particularly ‘wicked’ nature. Recognition of this compels us to take seriously the need to develop tools for knowledge elicitation and structuring which meet the demands of CAS. In marine management, chief among those tools is the DPSIR (Drivers – Pressures – State Changes – Impacts – Responses) model and, although widely applied, the extent to which it is appropriate for dealing with the demands of a CAS is questionable. Such questioning is particularly pertinent in the context of the marine environment where there is a need to not only recognise a broad range of stakeholders (a question of boundary critique) but also to manage competing knowledge (economic, local and scientific) and value claims. Hence this paper emphasises how a CAS perspective might add impetus to the development of a critical perspective on DPSIR and PSM theory and practice to promote a more systemic view of decision-making and policy development. 相似文献
An amphiphilic biodegradable polymer, poly(aspartic acid‐co‐lactic acid) (PAL), was synthesized by simply heating a mixture of aspartic acid (Asp) and L ‐lactide without additional catalysts or solvents. The unique branched architecture comprising succinimide units and lactic acid units was confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. A copolymer of sodium aspartate and lactic acid (PALNa) was prepared by reacting PAL with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The PAL was soluble in many organic solvents, while the PALNa was soluble in methanol and water. The hydrolytic degradation behavior of PAL varied with the copolymer composition. A higher Asp content resulted in a faster molecular weight decrease, and introducing glycolic acid units accelerated the degradation rate.
