脊状表面航行器模型减阻特性的风洞实验研究

针对航行器提高航程和航速的需要,开展脊状表面湍流边界层减阻的实验和数值仿真研究。在航行器模型的外表面加工具有特定形状、尺寸的脊状结构,导致湍流边界层的流动稳定性增强,壁面摩擦阻力降低。在风洞中对具有光滑表面和脊状表面的航行器模型在不同风速和攻角下进行阻力测试,得到其减阻特性曲线。实验结果表明,具有横向脊状表面的航行器模型在一定来流速度范围内具有很好的减阻效果,实验获得的最大减阻量为23.5%。数值仿真结果则发现,在脊状结构内形成了稳定的"二次涡",边界层内湍动能和湍流猝发强度降低,很好地揭示了减阻机理。     

高超声速静风洞特点和发展概述

普通的高超声速风洞来流噪声和脉动要比实际飞行高一到两个数量级,要在风洞中进行高超声速转捩机理现象的研究,发展高超声速静风洞是十分必要的。为此,首先介绍了静风洞的基本概念,讨论了静风洞的几个关键技术和层流喷管的设计方法,并对静风洞的噪声特性和诊断手段进行了简单的分析。同时论述了国际上高超声速静风洞的发展现状、基本过程和发展水平,介绍了NASA几个代表性的高超声速静风洞实例。最后,整理了国外发展静风洞的经验和成果,对建设我国高超声速静风洞具有参考和借鉴价值。     

结构设计竞赛中风力发电塔模型设计与制作

以第三届全国大学生结构设计竞赛为背景, 介绍了浙江大学参赛作品的设计与制作过程. 本届结构设计竞赛与往届相比, 命题中引入了多学科交叉的元素, 以设计制作木结构风力发电塔为目标, 除了要求结构具有足够的承载能力和刚度外, 还要求风力机具有尽可能高的发电量, 模型设计与制作难度非常大. 浙江大学参赛队将理论与实践紧密结合, 设计并制作出与本届竞赛试验条件相适应的风力发电塔, 取得了优异的成绩. 本文的设计思路和模型制作方法对结构设计竞赛有一定的参考价值.     

大跨屋盖结构非高斯风场的快速模拟算法研究

针对屋盖结构风压场的非高斯特性,本文提出一种多变量平稳非高斯风压场模拟的新方法。文中首次采用四参数指数函数表达风压过程和高斯过程之间的转换关系,推导出关于指数函数所含参数的非线性方程组,利用双变量联合高斯分布的特性获得相关函数的转换关系。通过上述方法,将非高斯风压场表达为虚拟高斯过程的函数,从而采用谐波合成法生成风压时间序列。工程实例表明,本文算法计算效率和模拟精度高,适合实际工程应用。     

Analytical investigation on 3D non-Boussinesq mountain wave drag for wind profiles with vertical variations

A new analytical model was developed to predict the gravity wave drag (GWD) induced by an isolated 3-dimensional mountain, over which a stratified, non-rotating non-Boussinesq sheared flow is impinged. The model is confined to small amplitude motion and assumes the ambient velocity varying slowly with height. The modified Taylor-Goldstein equation with variable coefficients is solved with a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation, formally valid at high Richardson numbers. With this WKB solution, generic formulae of second order accuracy, for the GWD and surface pressure perturbation (both for hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic flow) are presented, enabling a rigorous treatment on the effects by vertical variations in wind profiles. In an ideal test to the circular bell-shaped mountain, it was found that when the wind is linearly sheared, that the GWD decreases as the Richardson number decreases. However, the GWD for a forward sheared wind (wind increases with height) decreases always faster than that for the backward sheared wind (wind deceases with height). This difference is evident whenever the model is hydrostatic or not.     

高速列车致声屏障风压变化和分布特性研究

高速列车致声屏障在极短的时间内受到交变气动力作用,一旦声屏障因强度或疲劳破坏而失效,有可能危及行车安全,因此准确评估高速列车致声屏障的脉动风压分布是结构设计需考虑的关键要素．利用数值风洞技术,模拟了道路及桥梁两侧分别布置5m、3.5m高声屏障,350km/h的列车通过时致声屏障的极值风压分布特性．研究结果表明列车驶过声屏障会产生气流挤压的正压波及气流填充的负压波,正压数值较负压数值大;极值风压随声屏障高度的增加而减小,且列车中心与声屏障的距离、声屏障的高度都会明显减弱极值风压的数值;两列车的交会相比单列车的通过,会更明显地挤压声屏障区域内的气流,从而在声屏障上产生更大的极值风压,且随着列车与声屏障距离的靠近,挤压增大极值风压的特性表现更为明显．最终通过选取京沪高铁试验段,进行相关的现场高速列车致声屏障极值风压试验测试,试验结果验证了数值模拟结果的准确性．     

Darrieus型垂直轴风力机气动特性研究

本文结合叶素动量算法,研究了Jacobs等人建立的关于达里厄型垂直轴风力机的几种数据库,并进行了研究比对。基于美国桑迪亚国家实验室的现场可靠的实验研究,通过建立在几种数据库上的模拟仿真和实验数据比对,研究表明,叶素动量算法模拟结果可以和大多数的数据库很好的吻合,但是动态失速条件下例外,尤其是在低雷诺数时,原因是对升力系数过低的估算。研究还表明,在不同型号不同转速条件下Jacobs数据曲线更接近于实验曲线,因此,利用叶素动量算法对达里厄型垂直轴风力机进行仿真模拟研究时,应首选Jacobs数据库。     

鹅掌楸树叶在风中的变形与振动

树叶的空气动力与流固耦合特性研究在树木保护、新发电技术开发、太阳能帆板设计等方面具有重要意义.Vogel首次发现树叶在较高风速下具有形状重构以避免受损害的能力.Vogel实验时叶柄端部是简支的,与叶柄与树枝的自然连接方式不同.在本文的研究中,叶柄端部是固支的,叶片垂直悬挂,正面或反面迎风.在风速0～27 m/s范围内,存在两种叶片静止状态,即飞翼形稳定和锥形稳定;还有3种叶片振动状态,即低频摆动、第1和第2高频振动.这5种状态由5个临界风速决定.通过70余片树叶测试结果的统计,得到了树叶每个状态存在的概率,及每个临界风速的期望值.流动显示发现树叶变形后其尾流中存在旋涡脱落现象.天平测量发现叶片阻力系数随叶片雷诺数的增大而减小并逐渐接近于0.1.引入悬臂梁模型,采用测量的叶片气动力,对叶柄静态弯曲形状进行计算,结果表明当风速由0逐渐增至5 m/s时,叶柄向下游弯曲迅速;但风速由5 m/s进一步增大时,向下游的弯曲则变慢.     

Status of large scale wind turbine technology development abroad

To facilitate the large scale (multi-megawatt) wind turbine development in China, the foreign efforts and achievements in the area are reviewed and summarized. Not only the popular horizontal axis wind turbines on-land but also the offshore wind turbines, vertical axis wind turbines, airborne wind turbines, and shroud wind turbines are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive comment and assessment about the basic work principle, economic aspects, and environmental impacts of turbines.     

Investigation of horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade threedimensional rotational effect based on field experiments

Field experiments are performed on a two-bladed 33 kW horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT). The pressures are measured with 191 pressure sensors positioned around the surfaces of seven spanwise section airfoils on one of the two blades. Three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations are performed, respectively, on the rotor and the seven airfoils of the blade. The results are compared with the experimental results of the pressure distribution on the seven airfoils and the lift coefficients. The 3D rotational effect on the blade aerodynamic characteristics is then studied with a numerical approach. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as follows. From the tip to the root of the blade, the experimental differential pressure of the blade section airfoil increases at first and then decreases gradually. The calculated 3D result of the pressure distribution on the blade surface is closer to that of the experiment than the 2D result. The 3D rotational effect has a significant impact on the blade surface flow and the aerodynamic load, leading to an increase of the differential pressure on the airfoils and their lift coefficient than that with the 2D one because of the stall delay. The influence of the 3D rotational effect on the wind turbine blade especially takes place on the sections with flow separation.