Diffusion and transport phenomena in a collisional magnetoplasma having both streaming and temperature anisotropy: Collisional kinetics

Boltzmann-transport equation is analytically solved for two-component magnetoplasma using Chapman-Enskog analysis to include collisional diffusion transport having anisotropies in both streaming velocity and temperature components. The modified collisional integrals are analytically solved with flux integrals and perturbed kinetic equation to arrive at drift diffusion velocity and resulting transport coefficients which are markedly affected by both streaming and temperature anisotropy. The early isotropic results are recovered in the limit V ₀ = 0 and T _‖ = T _⊥ which reduce to eqs (11.30) and (11.31) of [1] and eqs (2.7) and (2.13) of [2]. The electrical resistivity (η_⊥) diminishes sharply in fusion temperature limit kT _⊥ = 1 keV. The shape of the curves for both electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity is rectangular hyperbolic. However, for low thermal ratio (T _‖/T _⊥ < 1), the curves are raised up and for high thermal ratio (T _‖/T _⊥ > 1), they are lowered down the isotropic case (T _‖/T _⊥ > 1), showing comparatively diminished magnitudes of the quantities.      

Identifying missing and spurious connections via the bi-directional diffusion on bipartite networks

Link prediction and spurious link detection in complex networks have attracted increasing attention from both physical and computer science communities, due to their wide applications in many real systems. Related previous works mainly focus on monopartite networks while these problems in bipartite networks are not yet systematically addressed. Containing two different kinds of nodes, bipartite networks are essentially different from monopartite networks, especially in node similarity calculation: the similarity between nodes of different kinds (called inter-similarity) is not well defined. In this letter, we employ the local diffusion processes to measure the inter-similarity in bipartite networks. We find that the inter-similarity is asymmetric if the diffusion is applied in different directions. Accordingly, we propose a bi-directional hybrid diffusion method which is shown to achieve higher accuracy than the existing diffusion methods in identifying missing and spurious links in bipartite networks.     

1.5-MHz repetition rate passively Q-switched Nd:YVO_4 laser based on WS_2 saturable absorber

A transmission-type tungsten disulfide(WS_2)-based saturable absorber(SA) is fabricated and applied to passively Q-switched Nd:YVO_4 laser.The WS_2 nanosheets are deposited on a quartz substrate by the vertical evaporation method.By inserting the WS2 SA into the plano-concave laser cavity,we achieve 153-ns pulses with an average output power of1.19 W at 1064 nm.To the best of our knowledge,both of them are the best results among those obtained by the Q-switched solid-state lasers with WS_2-based absorbers.The repetition rate ranges from 1.176 MHz to 1.578 MHz.As far as we know,it is the first time that MHz level Q-switched pulses have been generated in all solid state lasers based on low-dimensional materials so far.     

Hierarchical condensation near phase equilibrium

A novel mechanism of new phase formation is studied both experimentally and theoretically in the example of quasi-equilibrium stationary condensation in an ion–plasma sputterer. Copper condensates are obtained to demonstrate that a specific network structure is formed as a result of self-assembly in the course of deposition. The fractal pattern related is inherent in the phenomena of diffusion limited aggregation. Condensate nuclei are shown to form statistical ensemble of hierarchically subordinated objects distributed in ultrametric space. The Langevin equation and the Fokker–Planck equation related are found to describe stationary distribution of thermodynamic potential variations at condensation. Time dependence of the formation probability of branching structures is found to clarify the experimental situation.     

Coarsening of mass-selected Au clusters on amorphous carbon at room temperature

Low-energy cluster beam deposition was used to deposit mass-selected Au_n clusters (n = 4, 6, 13 and 20) on amorphous carbon (a-C) substrates. The resulting samples were stored at room temperature under ambient conditions for time periods up to 32 months to analyze the coarsening behaviour of the clusters. Cluster-size distributions were measured in regular time intervals by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM experiments show a significant increase of the average cluster size with time analogous to classical surface Ostwald ripening (OR). The coarsening of Au clusters can be well described by steady-state diffusion-limited kinetics. The derived surface mass-transport diffusion coefficients at room temperature range between 1.1 and 3.8·10⁻²⁵ m² s⁻¹ for our samples. A detailed analysis of values suggests that, the rate of the surface OR for mass-selected Au_n clusters increases with the cluster size in the sequence: Au₄ ≈ Au₆ < Au₁₃ < Au₂₀ for the investigated range of Au clusters. Given that the initial, on-surface cluster-size distributions are nominally monodisperse, classical OR with cluster coarsening based only on the Gibbs-Thomson effect cannot explain the observed coarsening. The activation of the coarsening process is rationalized by initial variations of the cluster sizes due to the deposition process itself and/or the interaction of the clusters with the substrate. Moreover, the presence of initial deposited Au clusters as different isomers with slightly different chemical potential on the substrate, may also initiate the coarsening by surface OR. Furthermore, we find that the coarsening is most pronounced for the paucidispersed sample with Au_m (10 ? m ? 20) clusters. A possible explanation of this behaviour is the presence of an initial distribution of different cluster sizes directly after deposition.     

PN结电容与正向直流偏压的关系

半导体PN结具有电容的性质．在正向直流偏压下,理论计算表明,PN结扩散电容的对数与正向偏压成正比．实验发现,当正向偏压小于30mV时,这种线性关系是成立的;当正向偏压大于30mV时,会偏离这种线性关系．由于PN结还具有电阻特性,对交流信号的相位有影响．随着正向偏压增大,交流信号的相位变化出现一极值．如果将PN结等效为一个电容和一个电阻并联,就可以定性解释这种变化关系．     

隐-显积分因子间断Galerkin方法求解二维辐射扩散方程

提出一种求解二维非平衡辐射扩散方程的数值方法.空间离散上采用加权间断Galerkin有限元方法,其中数值流量的构造采用一种新的加权平均;时间离散上采用隐-显积分因子方法,将扩散系数线性化,然后用积分因子方法求解间断Galerkin方法离散后的非线性常微分方程组.数值试验中在非结构网格上求解了多介质的辐射扩散方程.结果表明:对于强非线性和强耦合的非线性扩散方程组,该方法是一种非常有效的数值算法.     

混合工质扩散吸收制冷系统初步实验研究

本文研究了一种混合工质扩散吸收制冷循环,在带溶液泵的循环实验装置上,以R23/R32/R134a为混合制冷剂,He为扩散气体,DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)为吸收剂,进行了实验研究。结果表明,高压侧混合制冷剂在回热器中进一步被低压侧混合制冷剂冷却,使其在更低的温度下液化并与He扩散蒸发,可以实现较低的蒸发温度。中间沸点组分R32可以改善系统的制冷性能,有利于较低蒸发温度的实现。本文提出的水平蛇形套管换热器用作扩散吸收系统回热器是可行的,但还需进一步改进回热器的结构,提高加工工艺和安装精度。     

Diffusion properties of cortical and pericortical tissue: regional variations, reliability and methodological issues

Characterizing the diffusion properties of cortical tissue is complicated by intersubject variability in the relative locations of gyri and sulci. Here we extend methods of measuring the average diffusion properties of gyral and sulcal structures after they have been aligned to a common template of cortical surface anatomy. Diffusion tensor image (DTI) data were gathered from 82 young subjects and co-registered with high-resolution T1 images that had been inflated and co-registered to a hemispherically unified spherical coordinate system based on FreeSurfer. We analyzed fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and the novel quantity of cortical primary diffusion direction (cPDD) at five surfaces parallel to the white/gray junction, spanning approximately 5 mm from the pial surface into white matter. FA increased with increasing depth, whereas MD and cPDD were reduced. There were highly significant and reliable regional differences in FA, MD and cPDD as well as systematic differences between cortical lobes and between the two hemispheres. The influence of nearby cortical spinal fluid (CSF), local cortical curvature and thickness, and sulcal depth was also investigated. We found that FA correlated significantly with cortical curvature and sulcal depth, while MD was strongly influenced by nearby CSF. The measurement of FA, MD and cPDD near the cortical surface clarifies the organization of fiber projections to and from the cortex.