光催化降解土壤中多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类广泛分布于土壤中的持久性有机污染物,其化学结构稳定,具有高疏水性、难降解性和三致毒性,多产生于交通运输、工业生产、垃圾焚烧等人为活动中。近年来,日益严峻的PAHs污染给土壤生态、食品安全和民众健康带来严重威胁。因此,对土壤PAHs污染的治理具有重要意义且亟待解决。在众多PAHs处理技术中,光催化技术凭借能耗低、操作简便、环境友好等优势,受到了研究者们的广泛关注。本文概述了PAHs的光催化降解机理与途径,综述了光催化修复土壤PAHs领域的研究进展,讨论了不同环境因素对催化剂降解效果的影响,并总结了当前光催化技术应用于土壤PAHs污染修复所面临的挑战。     

一种适用于岩土的扩展强度及屈服准则

土壤材料是一种典型的摩擦型材料,然而天然岩石却具有一定的凝聚力,而金属材料则完全是凝聚型材料. 在分析三种典型的材料强度准则表达式基础上,即SMP,Lade-Duncan以及广义Von-Mises准则,通过利用应力张量的不变量表达形式,提出了一种扩展准则即VML准则,该准则能够分别退化为上述3种典型准则. 在偏平面上,新准则能够描述从曲边三角形到圆形在内的多种开口形态;在子午面上,采用幂函数作为破坏准则公式,能够描述静水压力对于强度特性影响的非线性性质. 而对于土壤的屈服性质,岩土材料具有典型的压剪耦合特性,因此,为了描述剪切与等方向压缩两种路径下的体积耦合现象,采用水滴型屈服面作为屈服准则. 对于偏平面上的截面形状,讨论了给定球应力下偏应力强度值的分布形式及特点,讨论了应力罗德角对于偏平面上强度曲线的凹凸性的影响. 最后,通过多种材料的破坏与屈服试验成果,用所提新准则进行了验证. 通过强度以及屈服特性测试对比,验证了所提VML准则的合理性.      

π平面上原状土的空心扭剪试验

为了通过空心扭剪试验获得原状土在π 平面上的屈服特性,在分析空心扭剪试验仪加载过程和加载特点的基础上,研究了空心圆柱试样可实现的应力状态,并设计了相应的加载路径．与重塑试样不同,原状土样的初始应力状态位于K0 固结线上而不是等倾线上,因此,其加载路径应从原点开始沿K0 固结线行至原始应力状态,然后再在π 平面上进行以初始应力为起点的等p 试验．在考虑原状土的初始应力状态和各项异性的基础上,针对具有不同主应力方向角的平行试样,给出了等p 条件下保持主应力方向角不变的加载路径实现方法,采用该方法可得到任意平均主应力时π 平面上六分之一范围内的屈服曲线,该范围对应于大主应力方向角从-45o~45o．本文设计的加载方案可完成真三轴试验的部分功能,但经济成本相对较低,操作方法简单易行．     

月壤样品袋整形缠绕运动分析与仿真

月壤样品袋整形是探月工程月壤采样的重要一环。传统仿真分析是按照给定的几何参数和材料参数进行动力学建模。本文运用逆向思维,在样品袋顺利缠绕条件下,建立整形缠绕系统的运动学模型;根据样品袋顺利缠绕的运动方程和受力分析,得到顺利缠绕的卷筒驱动条件和结构运动参数范围。结果表明,导向套运行速度是影响缠绕的关键因素,且需要与卷筒角速度匹配调整。当卷筒角速度为0.6 r/min时,导向套运行速度调整为11.63 mm/min,可以使样品袋重叠点和失效范围达到最小。研究结果为样品袋整形缠绕系统设计提供了参考。     

土剪破坏次声监测试验研究

土质滑坡临滑会产生次声波, 次声监测可以作为判断土质滑坡临滑的一种技术手段. 在考虑到滑坡的力学方式是以剪切破坏为主的前提下, 为了探明土质滑坡过程中的次声信号响应特征, 设计了土体直剪实验次声-力-位移联合监测系统, 开展了土体剪破坏次声监测试验, 在次声事件自动拾取的基础上, 结合黏性土渐进性破坏理论, 分析了剪切过程中的微观声学机理, 结果表明: (1)黏性土剪切破坏时发出的次声信号主要来源于弹性阶段中黏土颗粒的相互挤压、弹塑性阶段中以黏土胶体团粒本身的拉张破裂和应变软化阶段中土颗粒间的摩擦; (2)在土体剪切载荷的不同阶段, 次声信号的幅值大小呈现出应变软化阶段<弹性阶段<弹塑性阶段的规律; (3)剪切力与次声信号之间存在较强的相关性, 次声事件的峰值包络线与剪切力趋势线相当吻合, 并且次声信号的均方功率峰值都在推力峰值之前, 平均提前为22.95 s. 研究对进一步利用次声开展土质滑坡的监测和稳定性评价具有重要的理论参考价值.      

苏北灌河口工业区土壤PAHs富集特征、溯源及风险评价

为系统了解灌河口工业区污染场地表层土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征、污染源及潜在的健康风险, 对16种优先控制的单体PAH进行了测试分析. 结果表明: T-PAHs质量分数呈现冬季(3 971.7 ng·g^-1)>秋季(3 506.5 ng·g^-1)>春季(3 504.8 ng·g^-1)>夏季(2 639.1 ng·g^-1)趋势. 夏季(2+3)环PAHs占比最低(13％), 冬季最高(15％), 春秋季相同(14％). 不同季节单体PAH质量分数以中高环(4、5和6环)为最高, 低环(2和3环)最低. 判源结果表明春夏季煤和生物质、石油类燃烧排放来源特征明显, 冬季石油类燃烧和汽车尾气排放来源占主体, 说明主要污染源存在季节差异. 与国内相关研究相比, 灌河工业区土壤PAHs质量分数处于中游水平. 根据加拿大土壤环境质量标准, 河口工业区不同季节有13％~23％的土壤PAHs污染超过了安全值, 存在潜在的生态风险.     

Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Disinfection and Soil Removal during Low-Temperature Household Laundry

In the Water, Energy and Waste Directive, the European Commission provides for the use of household washing programmes with lower temperatures (30–40 °C) and lower water consumption. However, low washing temperatures and the absence of oxidising agents in the liquid detergents, and their reduced content in powder detergents, allow biofilm formation in washing machines and the development of an unpleasant odour, while the washed laundry can become a carrier of pathogenic bacteria, posing a risk to human health. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to liquid detergents in low-temperature household washing allows disinfection of the laundry without affecting the properties of the washed textiles even after several consecutive washes. Fabrics of different colours and of different raw material compositions were repeatedly washed in a household washing machine using a liquid detergent with the addition of 3% stabilised HP solution in the main wash, prewash or rinse. The results of the antimicrobial activity, soil removal activity, colour change and tensile strength confirmed the excellent disinfection activity of the 3% HP, but only if added in the main wash. Its presence did not discolour nor affect the tensile strength of the laundry, thus maintaining its overall appearance.     

Synthesis,Herbicidal Activity,Crop Safety and Soil Degradation of Pyrimidine- and Triazine-Substituted Chlorsulfuron Derivatives

Chlrosulfuron, a classical sulfonylurea herbicide that exhibits good safety for wheat but causes a certain degree of damage to subsequent corn in a wheat–corn rotation mode, has been suspended field application in China since 2014. Our previous study found that diethylamino-substituted chlorsulfuron derivatives accelerated the degradation rate in soil. In order to obtain sulfonylurea herbicides with good crop safety for both wheat and corn, while maintaining high herbicidal activities, a series of pyrimidine- and triazine-based diethylamino-substituted chlorsulfuron derivatives (W102–W111) were systematically evaluated. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed with ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and HRMS. The preliminary biological assay results indicate that the 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidine and triazine derivatives could maintain high herbicidal activity. It was found that the synthesized compounds could accelerate degradation rates, both in acidic and alkaline soil. Especially, in alkaline soil, the degradation rate of the target compounds accelerated more than 22-fold compared to chlorsulfuron. Moreover, most chlorsulfuron analogs exhibited good crop safety for both wheat and corn at high dosages. This study provided a reference for the further design of new sulfonylurea herbicides with high herbicidal activity, fast degradation rates, and high crop safety.     

土壤微塑料污染及生态环境效应研究进展

微塑料作为一种新的污染物,具有粒径小、疏水性强、性质稳定、可以吸附多种污染物等特点,近年来受到了广泛的关注.目前关于微塑料的研究主要集中在水环境中,土壤环境中的微塑料研究相对滞后.土壤与人类生活息息相关,但土壤微塑料污染的现状却不容乐观,土壤微塑料的环境效应需要重视.本文综述了土壤微塑料的来源、分离和鉴定方法、微塑料在...     

Influence of Different Microplastic Forms on pH and Mobility of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in Soil

Microplastics, due to their surface properties, porosity and electrostatic interactions have a high affinity for cations sorption from the aqueous phase. As soil is a complex matrix, interactions between microplastics, soil constituents and heavy metals (HM) may modify the soil microenvironment for heavy metal mobilization/immobilization processes. In order to better understand the problem, three commonly found forms of microplastics in soil (fibers, fragments and microbeads) were mixed with Cu²⁺- or Pb²⁺-contaminated soil and incubated at 22 °C for 180 days. In soil samples pH and the content of water and acid exchangeable species of metals were analyzed. The results of this study showed that the presence of microplastics in HM-contaminated soil affected metal speciation, increasing the amount of easily exchangeable and potentially bioavailable forms of Cu²⁺ or Pb²⁺ in the tested soil. Soil pH also increased, confirming that microplastic particles affect soil properties relevant to the sorption/desorption process of metal cations. Overall, the smallest microplastic particles (≤1 mm), such as fibers or glitter microbeads, had a greater impact on the change in the sorption and desorption conditions of metals in tested soil than larger particles. The findings of our study show that microplastic form, shape and size should be considered as important factors that influence the soil properties and mobility of heavy metals in soil.