自然场景下不同成熟度柑橘的自适应识别

针对果实在未完全成熟前就需采摘以满足市场销售需求的实际情况,以及采摘机器人作业环境的复杂性,研究了自然场景下不同成熟度柑橘的识别方法。通过R与G分量间比值变换得到具有独特信息的比值图像,并在Munsell HSV颜色空间上,利用共轭激励法融合H和S分量图像,针对其与上述比值图像的弱相关性与强正交性,用其构建掩膜,来去除比值图像的背景,实现柑橘识别。实验结果表明此方法对柑橘识别精度达到92％,可以自适应地识别自然场景下不同成熟度的柑橘,且识别精度高,鲁棒性强。     

非完整约束移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制

针对非完整约束移动机器人运动学与动力学模型,根据轨迹跟踪控制目标的需要,设计了一种简单的控制器,该控制器结合了运动学控制器设和动力学控制器两部分;针对运动学模型,采用自适应算法对其未知参数进行估计,针对系统动力学模型,采用单层神经网络算法克服未知扰动对系统稳定性的影响,使速度误差尽可能地缩小;在Lyapunov稳定性理论的基础上证明了系统的收敛性和稳定性,该控制算法简单有效,易于实现;仿真结果表明:该控制策略可以实现对移动机器人期望轨迹的稳定跟踪,验证了算法的有效性。     

多移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制系统设计与实现

针对轮式移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题,在分析了机器人运动学模型的基础上,构建多机器人的领航-追随模型。采用跟踪微分器在输入输出两端安排过渡过程,设计了一种基于多变量解耦的非线性PID轨迹跟踪控制器。搭建以Arduino Mega 1280控制板为核心的移动机器人实验平台,采用速度PID控制器以满足机器人驱动电机的实时调速要求,基于ROS提出一种结构化和模块化的多机器人控制系统。在此基础上进行实验,并将实验结果与传统PID方法控制的实验结果进行对比。实验结果验证了本文所提算法的有效性,控制器易于实现且具有一定的鲁棒性。     

索牵引并联机器人静态平衡位置的正解研究

研究了一种大跨度但运动缓慢的索牵引并联机器人的位置正解问题,此时可认为系统处于静平衡状态,但必须考虑柔索垂度的影响。索牵引并联机器人的静态平衡位置的正解就是确定机器人末端执行器的位置和姿态,使得系统能在给定的柔索长度下处于静平衡状态。这涉及到系统的非线性力学分析而不仅仅是一个几何问题。本文采用悬链线方程描述柔索的力学特性,结合索端位移与机器人末端执行器位移之间的关系推导出机器人的末端执行器位移与索长变化之间的增量关系,据此提出一种迭代策略完成正解计算。数值算例验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Screw theoretic view on dynamics of spatially compliant beam

Beams with spatial compliance can be deformed as bending in a plane, twisting, and extending. In terms of the screw theory on rigid body motions, the concept of ＂deflection screw＂ is introduced, a spatial compliant beam theory via the deflection screw is proposed, and the spatial compliance of such a beam system is presented and analysed based on the material theory and fundamental kinematic assumptions. To study the dynamics of the spatially compliant beam, the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the beam are discussed by using the screw theory to obtain the Lagrangian. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to compute the vibrational frequencies based on discussions of boundary conditions and shape functions. The eigenfrequencies of the beam with spatial compliance are compared with those of individual deformation cases, pure bending, extension, or torsion. Finally, dynamics of a robot with two spatial compliant links and perpendicular joints is studied using the spatial compliant beam theory. Coupling between the joint rigid body motions and the deformations of spatial compliant links can easily be found in dynamic simulation. The study shows the effectiveness of using the screw theory to deal with the problems of dynamic modeling and analysis of mechanisms with spatially compliant links.     

基于机器艇与ZigBee的湖泊水质监测系统设计

湖泊是地表水资源的重要载体,为了全面、实时、高效地监测湖泊水环境,设计一种湖泊水质自动监测系统尤为重要。多艘机器艇搭载水温、pH值、溶解氧等传感器,在湖面上组成基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络进行数据采集。水质数据通过无线传感器网络传输到上位机进行分析显示。基于GPS和姿态传感器的运动控制算法实现了机器艇自主航行到指定监测点的功能。实验结果表明,系统实现了对湖泊水质的较大范围实时监测,能满足实际应用需求。     

模糊PID控制下移动机器人定位方法研究

机器人定位研究一直是机器人学研究的重点,但目前机器人定位方法都存在缺点,抗干扰能力差,不能做到准确定位,主要是由于环境等多方面因素的干扰,定位误差会逐渐加大。由于上述原因,提出了一种基于设定值加权模糊PID控制的移动机器人自定位方法。给出了定位过程的参数,为机器人移动建立模型,设计一种模糊 PID 控制器,根据误差及变化率大小,选择模糊定位或PID定位,实现移动机器人的智能定位,提高机器人定位准确的准确性。通过仿真实验结果证明：模糊PID控制的机器人自定位方法对移动机器人的定位过程有较好的改善作用,实用效果较好。     

Design of a single motor,tendon driven redundant manipulator with reduced driving joint torques

Lightweight manipulator design is one of the diverse and rich research fields in the area of robotics. It has become increasingly important to develop manipulators with reduced cost, high energy e?ciency and with low inertia. There are numerous design concepts proposed in the past decades such as designing lightweight joints or locating the actuators at the base. Reduction of number of actuators used has added advantages such as cost reduction, reduced power consumption, compact in design apart from reduction of weight. This paper presents a lightweight tendon drive redundant manipulator design with reduced joint torque using a single motor. The proposed design has reduced the number of actuators used. Thus the design is not only effective in reducing driving joint torques but also minimizes the number of actuators required and the power consumption. Driving joint torques computed for both conventional and for the proposed manipulator design highlight the significance of the proposed manipulator.     

Flywheel–infinitely variable transmissions for energy recovery capabilities in artificial knee joints

In this work, we present a novel architecture of the flywheel–infinitely variable transmission (F-IVT) actuator with increased energy saving performance. The F-IVT is an actuator for artificial knee joints with energy recovery capabilities. It uses a flywheel and an IVT with the purpose of storing and releasing energy and stabilizing the motor working point. The architecture proposed herein, named “linear F-IVT”, is compared with the rotating F-IVT and with the clutchable-series elastic actuator, through a model-based approach. By simulating the operation of these actuators in walking at different speed and stairs climbing of different inclination, the linear F-IVT results to be the most effective in reducing the peak of electric power and motor torque, also achieving a reduction of the electric energy demanded. These results suggest the possibility to achieve a significant motor downsizing, possibly leading to the development of a lightweight actuator to improve the portability and the operating range of wearable robots for lower limbs.

Abbreviations: BS: ball screw; C-SEA: clutchable - series elastic actuator; CVT: continuously variable transmission; F-IVT: flywheel–infinitely variable transmission; HD: harmonic drive; IVT: infinitely variable transmission     

五自由度自由曲面加工系统及其CAM设计

研究横式结构数控电火花线切割机床,用于自由曲面型面的超精密制造。基于机器人运动学理论建立五自由度机床坐标系统并推导出数学模型。实施加工过程中运动轴位移量补偿计算,开发了精密加工系统的计算机辅助制造功能。解决了从坐标点到各轴位移量的转换计算问题。